Decline Catholicism :: essays research papers

Picture this if you will. In the beginning (being 1945) god created a shepherd (the Catholic Church) in which we the sheep followed blindly. Everywhere the shepherd took us, we would follow without complaint. A sheep dared not question the Shepherd or stray from the flock in fear of being labeled a bad sheep (catholic) and suffering the consequences of eternal damnation. But as time went on and the sheep modernized, however the shepherd was stubborn and conservative in his ways and refused to change. So the sheep began to stray from the shepherd with little fear, scattering, going to other pastures and other flocks with other Shepherds. The Shepherd realized his flock was depleting so he began to modernize as well and changed his ways. With this now modern shepherd, the modern sheep began to gradually come back. But living in a modern pasture the relationship between the two had changed. Mr. Houston fellow students, â€Å"What were the reasons for the decline of Catholicism in America since 1945†, this has been the topic of my research for the previous three terms. The previous analogy, although being far fetched, if you put it into perspective outlines my opinion on the development of Catholicism since 1945 to the present day. That initially we followed the Catholic Church unquestionably and devoutly, mass on Sundays, fish on Fridays (etc). But as society modernized and became increasingly secular in education, the media and politics, people began to question some of the church teachings and the church authorities. Though the church, lead by conservatives initially would not change. As Catholics began to move away, the church realizing the situation reassessed their position at Vatican 2, which resulted in the modernized Catholic Church. Consequently from here catholic membership began to increase, however the nature of Catholicism changed. This leads me to my hypothesis: In our modernized secular society, catholic membership began to drop initially, due to the conservative views of the church. As a result of Vatican 2 Catholicism was modernized and membership within the religion was re-established. Although the nature of Catholicism has changed in this age of materialism and consumerism, this does not necessarily indicate direction of decline. Before I begin my findings I would like to define the nature of secularism which is a word you will hear throughout my research. Secularism: rejection of religious and sacred forms and practices in favour of rational assessment and decision-making, and civil institutions of government

Chapter One: Introduction

United States of America, with its rich history of immigrants, is a land of diverse cultures and civilizations. Classrooms have students from many different racial and linguistic groups like White Americans, African Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics, Vietnamese etc. According to the various analysis done by the National Centre for Educational Statistics, the academic performance of the minorities continue to be below standard. Illiteracy or poor schooling background is a common phenomenon not only in rural areas but also in urban areas in many Latin American countries. Although there has been a rise in the number of such students being enrolled in public schools, but as a group they have the lowest level of education and highest dropout rate. Let’s view the present status of the Hispanic students. They make up 15% of the elementary school-age people and will possibly comprise 25% of the total school-age population by the year 2025. It is noticed that over past 20years, their enrollment have risen by 150 %( U.S. Department of Education, 2000). The U.S. Hispanic population is varied in terms of their countries by birth, economic and social status, language skills, family background and education. They have different academic needs as well. They make up 75% of all the students enrolled for limited English proficiency program (LEP), including English as second language program (ESL) and bilingual educational program. As for their academic achievements, the 1996 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) shows that 17 year old Hispanic students were quite below in comparison to other White students in science, mathematics and reading (National Centre of Educational Statistics, 1996). It also brought to light that their drop out rate was very much high as compared to other minority groups and ranked lowest in the comparison of high school completion rate. Furthermore, Baker & Hakuta (1998) state that the number of English language learners (ELL) in the U.S. has grown dramatically in the last decade. According to a 1991 national study, over 2,300,000 students in grades K through 12 are English language learners. This number has grown by over 1,000,000 since 1984. The majority of these students are Spanish-speakers (73%), followed by Vietnamese-speakers (3.9%). Because of the overwhelming proportion of ELL students is Spanish speakers, the issue of bilingual education is largely a Latino one. No other language group makes up more than 4% of limited English proficient students. This fact makes education a complicated issue for language minority students with low socioeconomic status. Most educators and school administrators in American classrooms overlook that English language learners with minimal formal schooling have difficulties managing information input, organizing learning material, following verbal and written instructions, and processing large chunks of new language. Thus, the findings of Ramirez (1991) indicate that Latino students who received sustained L1 instruction throughout elementary school have better academic prospects than those who have not received instruction in their first language or those who received instruction only in English. Consequently, first language illiteracy in Spanish speaking students has negative consequences in the United States as it retards economic and social development. According to the 1993 U.S. Census Bureau, many Hispanic children living in the United States are likely to be from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, particularly those whose families have recently arrived and are depending in minimum-wage jobs. Approximately 40% of Hispanic children live in poverty, compared to the 13% of non-Hispanic white children (Holman, 1997). Similarly, data from the 2003 U.S. Census Bureau shows that 58.4% of Hispanic students have completed high school level compared to 85.8% of White and 80.6% of Black population. Eighty percent of ELL are poor and most attend schools where the majority of students also live in poverty and are English language learners. Such schools are poorly maintained due to lack of funds and fail to provide technologically updated class room environment and well qualified teachers. Poverty and socio economic status have many implications for educational achievement on Hispanic students. For example, parents' income levels and parents' educational achievement is highly linked to that of their children's. They belong to families where the parents themselves are not educated, and therefore lay less importance to schooling and education of their children. Inadequate participation by parents in their child’s education has many other reasons too. They have less time to spend with their family due to heavy load of work taken up to make both ends meet and inability to communicate in English themselves Lack of proficiency in English is another important hurdle for Hispanic students. This is assumed to be the major reason why they fail to graduate from the high school. In typical classrooms, Hispanic students fail to understand the course taught due to the inability to understand the medium of instruction. Thus, their performance always remains low and at times such negative educational experience acts as a reason for their early dropouts and absenteeism .There are various programs installed for teaching English as second language (ESL) in schools yet the dropout rate is on a rise. Terrence (1997) says that state and federally funded bilingual education programs reach only a fraction of eligible students. Three quarters of limited English proficient students receive ESL instruction, while only one-third to one-half of these students receives any instruction in their native language. After working with ESL Hispanic students 9-12 grades at Vance High School in Charlotte, NC for two years, I became aware of the academic underachievement some students were experiencing even after being in the same grade in some cases for up to three consecutive years. Even though the teachers, administrators have put in a lot of effort, but their situation doesn’t seem to be improving. This scenario touched me very much and i developed a particular interest in finding out the causes behind their failures in the classroom and the methodologies which could be implemented to improve the situation. My research will examine and analyze in depth the weaknesses these students bring to the classroom based on the causes of their illiteracy. In addition, I will describe the negative effects of illiteracy in relation to the alarming increase of the growth of Hispanics in the U.S. It is worthwhile to cite Huntley (1992) as she says, â€Å"The problem of illiteracy seems to be increasing and programs to remedy that situation are still inadequate.† Spanish speaking students are not well versed in their native language. Most of the programs already being used don’t stress the importance on reducing first language illiteracy. This in turn has a great influence in learning English as a second language. Illiteracy in the first language causes hurdles in learning a second language. Polishing the first language itself will support and ease the process of learning a second language. There are basically four types of literacy in the first language (L1), which has an impact in English learning (Huntley, 1992). These include literate learners, semi-literate learners, non-literate learners and pre-literate learners. Such kind of L1 literacy backgrounds are usually overlooked by teachers. This research explains the different levels or types of illiteracy in detail and their relative importance in learning English as a Second language for Spanish speaking students. One can say that learning a second language is hard, but it is even harder when there is a lack of literacy skills in the first language. McGee (1978) says, â€Å"We acknowledge that being an adult learner is difficult, that being an adult second language learner is even more difficult, and that being a pre-literate adult second language learner must be nothing short of a painful situation.† Difficulties arising in an individuals' second language learning cannot be properly understood without simultaneous attention to the socio linguistic and socio cultural framework within which learning a second language is occurring. Another major cause of illiteracy in Hispanic students in the United States is attributed to the rate of dropout; this document includes an analysis of a study done by Crawford & Egemba (2003), about the factors that contribute to abandon school on Hispanic students of grades 9-12. They based their analysis on demographic factors, academic ability, family background, school experiences and social influence factors. The variables in this research include academic ability, family socioeconomic status, student gender, employment status, repeating a grade, citizenship status, English proficiency, truancy, urbanicity, gender, friends’ and siblings’ status, substance use, and pregnancy/fatherhood. It is also noticed that the drop out students eventually take part in criminal activities. According to Cassel (2003), â€Å" Today in America one million of the two million prison inmates are high school dropout students and the primary reason for their dropping out of school is a general lack of personal development† (p. 1). This shows how much of a serious issue this ESL drop out learners pose. In addition, this part describes the alarming statistics of Hispanic youth as the fastest growing minority segment in America. It is since 1960s, that many researches have been done to identify the main causes behind such a high drop out rate of Hispanic students. The researches were based on the logic that once the core issue is identified, it would become lot easier to devise measures to resolve it. This theory was termed as deficit theory and has guided much work in this field. The theory assumed that the cultural differences were a reason behind their academic failures. However, in 1970s the trend shifted and many more reasons were highlighted and worked upon. Many researches have been carried out to see what will prove helpful in improving this scenario. Most of the educators believe that such educational crisis can be dealt with the help of better teachers and teaching methods. My research explores the different methodologies to teach preliterate or limited formal schooling ESL Spanish speaking students grades 9-12. Although there are several programs designed to teach English as a Second Language, they mostly promote the use of English as a media of instruction. Few programs neither consider the capacity for literacy in the students’ first language nor promote the study of the student’s native language. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account that English language learners have different literacy levels and come from a diverse socioeconomic background. The research brings to light what could be effective for improving the situation. It will explain how teachers should be educated about the need and use of various teaching tools, seeing which helps the learning better. Curriculum should be designed in a way that provides equal opportunity for such minority students to read and write. It explains how and why the teachers should understand the cultural difference, and use it positively while imparting education. More resources and effective language teaching practices should be adopted for the students who have limited knowledge of English language. It will prove how the adoption of technologically updated teaching methods may go long way in facilitating teacher in meeting the special learning requirements of such students. This includes the usage of visual aids, computers and multimedia, recorders, audio tapes and language masters while teaching students. It is also important that primary or native language is used for the purpose of instructions. Such method, if adopted, would help in concept development and better understanding. It is only through their primary language that the students will effectively learn how to read and write well. This method will also ensure that students don’t fall behind academically while they learn English. For this the teachers themselves have to be fluent and bilingual. Not only this, they also need to be certified to teach ESL students. Only the possession of certificates like BCC (Bilingual Certificate of Competence) or B.-C.L.A.D. (Bilingual-Cross-Cultural, Language and Academic Development Certificate) makes them eligible to teach such students. Teachers with other certificates like L.D.S. can team up with fully certified bilingual teachers to help such students. Overall, this study underscores the importance of L1 instruction as a crucial tool for illiterate Spanish-speaking students in U.S. schools and the need to master literacy skills in their native language before they acquire a second language in order to achieve academically in the mainstream classroom.   According to Cummins (1981), the capacity for literacy in the first language affects in a dramatic fashion the ability to acquire a second language because metacognitive skills are transferred across languages. For the purpose of this research, I present the two main methodologies Bilingual Education and English-Only instruction and their effects in learning a second language being a preliterate in the native language. In bilingual classrooms, interaction is split between the primary language and English language, whereas, in English-only classes English is the only medium of instructions. Various studies have proved that students in such bilingual classrooms are at various academic and linguistic benefits as opposed to the other method. Especially if such method is used for students in pre-school and lower grade levels. This paper discusses in depth the advantages and disadvantages of both methods of instruction. Eventually, my study shows that good bilingual programs should be designed for illiterate ESL learners so as to provide literacy in native language first, so that the input they provide in the target language is comprehensible for them. Being a very controversial topic, its importance deserves more research to determine the effectiveness of each methodology, considering all the variables and the students’ needs. It also shows that Transitional programs (where primary instruction decreases the more English students learn) or Developmental programs (where primary language instruction continues throughout the entire study program) can be used according to the requirement of the students. This research also shows that parental involvement in a child’s education is of utmost importance. This can be done by meeting parents regularly to discuss the academic progress and performance of their child. Not only this, they should also be convinced to encourage their children for higher studies. This will help in reducing the premature dropouts and may also guarantee higher attainment of education. It was proved through various researched how the lack of involvement was a reason behind early drop outs of such students. Thus, if parents become more aware about their role as their child’s partner in learning, they would themselves become the first teachers of their children. It also shows how government can play their role in improving the situation. It can help in establishing special schools for Hispanics, where the fee structure is affordable. Monetary and technological funds can be provided to such schools. Teaching program there should be designed with special care to address the needs and issues of students. At such schools, proper career guidance should be provided and scholarship programs should be introduced. Moreover, government should allocate more funds for the continued research in this area so that better methodologies can be formulated. But it should be remembered that the success of all of these programs depends upon their proper implementation. Not only this, they need to be monitored and upgraded as and when required. Then only can they help in increasing academic achievements of Hispanic ESL students. Improvement in their situation will allow them to make meaningful contribution towards the society. It will prove helpful in social interaction and boost up their confidence. Not only this, better education would open many earning opportunities for them with which they can improve their economic status. English is an official language through out the nation, and having a good command over it means better position to work in. Moreover, know how of another language brings along with it many intrinsic advantages. Various changes come within one’s personality. It gives a better insight to life, brings about tolerance for different life styles, and gives a better ability to express  well. It provides ability to comprehend other cultures. Second-language skills help in providing maximum enjoyment while traveling as well. However, there have been researchers and educationalists have pointed out few drawbacks of bilingualism. But they in no way outstrip its benefits. Being literate doesn’t only mean to possess the ability to read, write, listen and speak. But it means doing all this to a certain adequate level. Certain educationalists go as far as including the abilities to face and solve daily problems and make some contribution towards the society as important requisites of being a literate person.   Standard for what actually is literacy vary from society to society. Literacy rate determines the standard of living and progression of any state. Thus, it is important for all states to address the educational needs and issues of its minorities so that they add up to the success of the nation. References: National Center for Educational Statistics. (1996). NAEP 1996 long-term summary. Washington, DC. Alexander, D., Heaviside, S., & Farris, E. (1999). Status of education reform in public elementary and secondary schools: Teachers’ perspectives. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Huntley, H. S. (1992). The new illiteracy: A study of the pedagogic principles of teaching English as a second language to nonliterate adults. Unpublished manuscript. (EDRS No. ED356685). Terrence, G. W. (1997). Myths about language diversity and literacy in the United States, SuDoc ED. Miriam, B., Joy, P. (Feb, 2003) Reading and Adult English Language Learners: The role of first Language, National Centre for ESL Literacy Education. Grabe, W., & Stoller, F. L. (2002).Teaching and researching reading. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. Burt, M., Peyton, J. K., & Adams, R. (2003). Reading and adult English language learners: A review of the research. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Fillmore, L.W. and Snow, C.E. (2000). â€Å"What teachers need to know about language.† U.S. Department of Education: Educational Research and Improvement. ERIC Digest No. ED-99-CO-0008 Birch, B. M. (2002). English L2 reading: Getting to the bottom. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Should Gambling Be Legalized Essay - 958 Words

Gambling has become a major industry in the United States. In 2014 American casinos earned almost $38 billion, an increase of more than $5 billion over ten years (Scwhartz, 2015). Part of the increase comes from more states allowing commercial gambling. Since 2005 Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Ohio and Pennsylvania have all legalized casinos. However, gambling has negative side effects. In 2012 5.77 million problem gamblers existed in the country costing states $60.6 million (Marotta, Bahan, Rynolds, Vander Linden, Whyte, 2014). Of particular concern, increased exposure due to expansion of casinos to more states may lead to higher addiction rates. The following paper addresses whether gambling addiction has increased as more states have legalized casinos. The article does not mention any studies on the statistic of estimated increase of gambling addictions before Maryland legalized gambling. However, studies show in the past two years there has been a significant increase from November to 2015 there was a 31% increase of Gambling Anonymous chapters in the state of Maryland. The number of attendees increases. The number of people who banned themselves from casinos have in creased to 70% as well. The state toll free helpline calls increase from 2013 there 431 calls made and in 2015 there was 619. That is just sh y of a 70% increase of calls made. Maryland is prepared subsidized outpatient treatments for those who need it and cannot afford it Mental health andShow MoreRelatedGambling Should be Legalized.1571 Words   |  7 PagesGambling should be legalized What is gambling? According to www.dictionary.com gambling is taking a risk in the hope of gaining an advantage or a benefit. Gambling has been around for centuries and has been dated way back to 1492. People have been gambling in America ever since America was found. 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Did you know that gambling generates more revenue thanRead MoreGambling Outline Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesNick Cortese Research Outline Gambling Thesis: Gambling in society has detrimental effects to people in United States. Topic: I. There are certain types of gambling that people should be aware of. A. Gambling is any bet you make that involves chance, a stake, and there is a pay-off. â€Å"Here is the definition of gamble – to play at any game of chance for stakes, to bet on an uncertain outcome† (Brown). â€Å"The following three elements must be present for something

The Great Purge Of The Cold War - 1658 Words

Joseph Stalin’s determination greatly affected his leadership and led to the beginnings of the Cold War. His determination allowed him to rise to power and destroy all opposition against his reign. The Great Purge, one of the greatest terrors in history, was also done due to his determination to stay in power. This same determination led to, as well as shaped, a large quantity of the events of World War 2. His leadership was similar to the leadership of Adolf Hitler, yet because of his determination, was quite different, and quite possibly more effective. In the end his determination for power led to the events of the Cold War. This determination greatly affected Stalin’s rise to power, and allowed him to completely decimate all opposition to his leadership. Originally, Stalin was a powerless citizen of the USSR, yet he managed to quickly rise to the top of the political field. He began his role in politics by joining the Bolsheviks in 1903. Due to his thirst for power he steadily rose through the ranks of the party and was soon the General Secretary. The Bolshevik insurrection to Russian leadership was successful and placed Stalin in a position of great power. He then used his power to isolate members of the party in an attempt to take away their power and popularity. Determined to gain absolute dominance over the other members, he caused the dismissal, and possibly the deaths, of several of his political opponents. This left him in total rule over the Communist party,Show MoreRelatedExplain the Methods Taken by Stalin to Transform the Soviet Union in the Period 1924-19391491 Words   |  6 Pagest o maintain his position as dictator of the Soviet Union he deployed many atrocious methods, mainly repression of the people. Methods he undertook were; institutionalised terror which found expression in the purges, thus introducing the idea of ‘class enemies’ or ‘class war’. 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Should Being Unhappy Be A Good Thing - 1460 Words

Mingyang Chen Sarah Perkins English 1A Final Draft Dec. 12 2015 Can Being â€Å"Unhappy† be a Good Thing? In This Boy’s Life written by Tobias Wolff, we follow the stories of people who choose to surrender to their unhappy circumstances and all they can do is hope things change without them actually putting work into it (Wolff). However, Wolff’s work triggers the question, â€Å"can being unhappy be a good thing?† Every individual has a desire to achieve a state of happiness, they wish to be happy even they live very hard. From a very young age, young boys and girls are told to work hard in school if they want to eventually live a happy life, without contextualizing that happiness is an abstract concept. We live in a world that everyone is in are†¦show more content†¦Brooks uses the example of how one is quick to picture future happiness, but when they think of their past, they hardly remember what happy events they have gone through; what sticks out in the past is pain or suffering. They remember the differen t feelings between happiness and suffering. The example of Oxford’s reading is relatively more complex, he uses the example of hard workers who have served the company for a long time, but when times get tough, sometimes layoffs may be inevitable. What stands out here is the fact that whatever impression of happiness one might be under, it is very likely that it is temporary. As much as people strive to be happy, â€Å"We live in a culture awash in talk about happiness. In one three-month period last year, more than 1,000 books were released on Amazon on that subject† (Brooks), putting happiness as the central focus of their existence would be basically setting themselves up for failure. The abstract nature of happiness makes it very relative and varies amongst individuals, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to narrow down a perfect recipe for happiness. Furthermore, there is a lot to be learnt from challenges, mistakes, suffering etc. as a result, we can reap a lot from these experiences, and all the things that are considered to be the opposite of happiness. In both articles, one thing is clear, when one person goes through trying times, they will gain

My essay, “The Long Road to Opportunity” Free Essays

My essay, â€Å"The Long Road to Opportunity,† is designed to convey details about my childhood in Mexico to the reader. By using real anecdotes from my past, I attempt to show the reader my hunger for knowledge and the obstacles I had to overcome to achieve my goals.  I believe the strongest points in the essay are my thesis, which sets the reader up for the general theme of the essay to follow, and my examples of my father’s deeply held beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on My essay, â€Å"The Long Road to Opportunity† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Citing examples of specific things he said or did illustrates why it was difficult for me to act against his wishes. I also believe my essay has a good, natural flow. It begins with a broad look at the main idea, and then works through the story in chronological order, culminating in the present. I feel that the information on Mexican culture also works well.  One weakness of the essay would be that it is difficult to tell a detailed story in such a short space. Ideas and stories must be condensed in order to cover all of the main points I wish to address. With more space, I could develop each anecdote more completely, and do a better job of showing rather than telling. â€Å"The Long Road to Opportunity† When I was five years old I knew I would one day go to school and become an engineer. The road to where I am today has been long and difficult. I was born and raised in a small rural town where the most important activity in life was the harvest of the fields. Agriculture played an important and central role in everyone’s lives; everything else was seen as secondary and a waste of time. An interest in going to school was seen as an excuse to avoid responsibilities on the family farm. My father held these beliefs sacred, and as such proved to be a formidable opponent in my quest for education. I grew up the youngest of my eight siblings in a town called Dolores Hidalgo in Guanajuato, Mexico. My father farmed over 600 acres of land, divided into two parts; one part was used to raise cattle and the other part to grow corn and beans. My father believed that after God and family, the most important thing was the land. He believed a person’s character was manifested in his harvest. If one loved and respected nature, She would return that love and respect with an excellent harvest. Growing up on the farm, I enjoyed working in the fields and tending to the cattle. However, my first love was school. My father didn’t understand the passion I had for learning. When I was 4 years old, my father sent me to school with my sister Maria, who was six years old and scheduled to start first grade. My dad did not want my sister to walk to school by herself. When I got there, the teacher, Mr. Mendez, allowed me to sit in the classroom alongside my sister. After four weeks of classes, Mr. Mendez asked my father to visit the school. I was so scared Mr. Mendez was going to tell my dad that I could not go to school with Maria. When my father arrived at the school, Mr. Mendez advised him that I was the best student in his class and that he was going to speak to the principal about formally accepting me into school. My dad, who appeared to be in shock, was not happy with the news. He told the teacher the only reason I was sent to school was to escort my sister. He further stated that school would take away from my chores around the farm. I begged my dad to allow me to go. Furthermore, I promised to get up early and tend to the cattle before school and to continue with the farm work upon returning home in the afternoon. To my surprise, my father finally gave in. I was the happiest boy on earth – I would have access to more books. However, it never got easier. Every year for the first six years was a constant battle with my dad. My father believed the only persons that should attend school were the ones willing to serve God as a priest or nun. People living on farms should dedicate themselves to taking care of the land, he said. He claimed that previous generations of our people had all been farmers and had lived well without the need for proper education. Rural schools have been an important part of Guanajuato since the beginning of the rural school program. In these schools, teachers put an emphasis on the concept of nationalism to ensure that all students have a strong sense of what it means to be Mexican. In the classrooms, teachers become valuable resources for students, making them think more deeply about their identities and examine their culture. In class, Mr. Mendez would tell stories about the post-revolution decline in education throughout the country, caused by the conflicts and insecurity of the time. The influence on rural education was very important because it was the center of cultural life in the 1920s and 1930s. Rural education could be seen as a legitimate byproduct of the Mexican Revolution, allowing social justice programs to spread throughout all corners of the country. Rural schools began with the premise that through education, people would learn to How to cite My essay, â€Å"The Long Road to Opportunity†, Essay examples

Project Management The Wellness Centre

Questions: Managers at The Wellness Centre selected Anthony Jobs as the project manager for the Recreational Intranet Project. The schedule goal is six months and the budget is RM250,000.Anthony had previous project management and system analysis experience within the company, he was an avid sports enthusiast.Anthony was starting to put the project team together and he knew that he would have to develop a survey to solicit input from all employees about this new system and make sure it was user-friendly.a) Identify and discuss the range of skills essential for Anthony Jobs to lead a team and complete the project successfully. b) What to do consider to be current issues facing project managers within the above said organization and provide some examples of solutions current issues involved. c) Critically discuss the increasing importance if project management for innovation and change on the Recreational Intranet Project. Answers: Introduction According to Turner (2012), it is one of the application of skills, knowledge, techniques, etc that effectively and efficiently execute the projects. From the point of view of business, project management allows the organization in achieving core competency via attaining the goals of business. This study describes the required skills for a project manager in order to complete the project. However, this study is conducts project management skills of a project manager in a particular organization Wellness Centre. A) Identification and Discussion the range of essential skills for Anthony Jobs to lead a team and complete the project successfully In order to complete the project successfully for Wellness Centre, following are the essential skills for Anthony Jobs Communication: It is the most important skills for each project regarding project manager. Clear communication helps in motivating team efficiently. Both written and verbal communications skills allow the project manager in representing the expectation to over team. Confidence: Confidence makes the ability of a good team leader. Confident of the project manager helps in securing the decision making process during the project. Dalcher (2011) suggested that self-confidence project manager allows in reassuring his or her authority within the project. Fair: In order to complete the project, project manager have to treat with their member fairly. Through the integrity gain, project manager has to build trust over their team member. Influential: This helps project manager in inspiring their team member to meet the goals and objectives of the project. Influential project manager helps in managing changes the workplace. Negotiation: Negotiation skills are also important in order to complete the project successfully. Negotiation skill allows the project manager in understanding the current event of ongoing project of a conflict workplace (Doloi, 2011). Negotiation skill also allows the project manager in streamlining decision-making process that easily resolves the issues of problems. B) Current issues facing by the project managers in Wellness Centre and Solution The main issues that faced by the project managers Anthony Jobs within the Wellness Centre are Lack of Accountability: Gladden (2011) argued that the qualities of leadership are really shines when the member of the team within a project takes proper responsibility according to their role. Apart from, that majority of project is succeeding due to good motivational skills of team leader. On the other hand, Hllgren (2012) suggested that team member are the key person of achieving success of a project. However, within the taken project at Wellness Centre, Anthony Jobs mainly faces the issue named lack of accountability. In this project, lack of accountability brings the complete halt. In the ongoing project of Wellness Centre, Anthony Jobs faces the issues of finger pointing and avoiding blame. This was unpredictable. Anthony Jobs was unable to direct his team members towards achieving the goal of the project (Journal, 2013). Apart from that, the training staffs of the current project of Wellness Centre was not showed their activities in providing training that improves skills and knowledge of team member towards achieving project goals. Dependencies: It was also another important issue for project managers within the taken project of Wellness Centre. In order to achieve success within a project dependencies rely on the centre. Due to lack of time and multiple work for Anthony Jobs, he was not able to go to the team member individually and got status of ongoing project (Kodukula, 2011). As a result, lack of information was hidden to Anthony Jobs that takes long time to complete the project successfully. Scheduling: The team member of the project was not properly understood about the dependencies. Therefore, they face difficulties in setting the correct scheduling according to the requirement. Administrative Tasks: After start the project, it first time overwhelmed due to lack of associated task of administration (Mastrofini, 2013). Solutions In order to solve the above problems that faced by the project managers at workplace of Wellness Centre following structural methods has to use Ensure Root Cause Analysis: In order to solve the problems, need to analysis the root cause of problems (Throndson et al., 2012). Project Manager is able to solve the problem after understanding the root cause. It helps in identifying appropriate reason of the cause. Demystifies the problem solving Process: It is also another step of solving problem. Project manager have to understand the method of work of all participants within the project. This process helps in identifying contribution of team member individually. Meng (2012) suggested that it is the drives of solving problems within a project. C) Critical discussion of the increasing importance if the project management for change and innovation on the Recreational Intranet Project From the point of view of innovation and change on the Recreational Intranet Project, importance of project management is increased regarding efficiency, flexibility as well as human focused. The project managers with the excellent project team are able to make more efficient project regarding change and innovation of an existing project (Morris, 2013). In order to make innovative and change the project, staffs along with the excellent member takes the total responsibility in implementing successful changes as well as evaluating the project result with practical life cycle. Apart from that, project management with excellent leadership perfectly combines changing circumstance and structured if the project. Minelle (2013) stated that project managers spend lot of time in ensuring the successful changes and make the innovation for project. The project managers take the responsibilities according to the requirements of project regarding change and innovation. Apart from that, project man agement rely the greater communication with proper discipline that emphasizes the successful changes and innovation in project. Conclusion This study represented the method of successful project management within the organizational project of Wellness Centre that is Recreational Intranet Project. In the first phase of this study, analyst described the factors that help in managing project successfully by the project managers and achieve goal of the project. Apart from that, identify the issues that faces by the project managers within the recreational intranet project and explained the solution of that project. At the last phase, analyst displayed the increase importance of project management for change and innovation in recreational intranet project. Reference List Dalcher, D. (2011). The Oxford handbook of project management.Project Management Journal, 42(5), pp.93-93. Doloi, H. (2011). Understanding stakeholders' perspective of cost estimation in project management.International Journal of Project Management, 29(5), pp.622-636. Gladden, R. (2011). Project-oriented leadership.Project Management Journal, 42(4), pp.107-107. Hllgren, M. (2012). The construction of research questions in project management.International Journal of Project Management, 30(7), pp.804-816. Journal, P. (2013).Agile Project Management. Hoboken: Wiley. Kodukula, P. (2011). Complexity theory and project management.Project Management Journal, 42(5), pp.92-92. Mastrofini, E. (2013). Project management template / Project management facile con le mappe mentali.PROJECT MANAGER (IL), (16), pp.47-47. Meng, X. (2012). The effect of relationship management on project performance in construction.International Journal of Project Management, 30(2), pp.188-198. Minelle, F. (2013). Quale project management per la Ricerca?.PROJECT MANAGER (IL), (16), pp.5-5. Morris, P. (2013).Reconstructing project management. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. Throndson, K., Davis, V., Bohn, W., Walton, L. and Bergner, T. (2012). N022 The 2C ECG Project: Identifying Factors That Influence Nurses Confidence and Competence With ECG Monitoring.Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 28(5), p.S427. Turner, R. (2012). International Journal of Project Management, Editorial January 2012.International Journal of Project Management, 30(1), p.1.