To develop creative solutions to a brief including analysis of Research Paper

To develop creative solutions to a brief including analysis of effectiveness - Research Paper Example The beauty of this industry is that along with tourism, it combines a number of professions in it (Walker, 2007), making it good for the economy and for employment. People stay in hotels because they are far away from their home, or they are living in a country, that is not their home country. When a person thinks about a hotel, it can conjure up exciting images. Hotels are often thought to be busy areas filled with people all around the world, especially business people and celebrities in order to pass their holidays or meetings (Bardi, 2003). The industry hires large number of skilled, unskilled and semi skilled workers to work, and because their work is to provide service, they need to teach some essential points to unskilled labors before hiring (Tanke, 2000). Adventurous people, when travelling, often need luxurious places to pass their traveling times. Because of the in comfort desired by people while traveling, hotel owners and designers tried to make places where people could come and rest without stress. As a consequence they made hotels for the betterment of people traveling from other countries for various purposes (Andrews, 2007). Hotels today are often called â€Å"home away from home† and people can stay in them for many different lengths of time, from a few days to many months. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hotel America is a mid-sized hotel chain which is one of the top ten hotel chains of America. During the last quarter of 2001, this hotel started to experience a decline in occupancy rate. There are certain factors attached with this decline. It is not just the case of this particular hotel chain. Rather, all the hotel industry is on a decline. The executive leadership hopes to improve the occupancy rate and this report was prepared to analyze the data available and devise the strategies to help the management. An analysis of the data found that there were certain internal factors as well as external factors that contributed to this downturn. Exter nal factors included the incident of 9/11 and the recession of America, both of which decreased patronage to hotels, and numbers of people travelling in general. Internal factors included a list of things like negligence of the management to maintain the bathroom or other facilities and to see whether the bed provided was comfortable. Another issue was the rude attitude of the staff which offended the customers. The staff coordination must be to a high standard, and there must be no conflict between the staff members because this will give a bad impression to the hotel customers (Sonnenstuhl, 1990). The location of many of the hotels and the unavailability of suitable transportation also had negative impact leaving many customers were unsatisfied. Special facilities and features were also looked upon. When people live in hotels in countries that they are foreign to, they often look at hotels for long term accommodation, however, the rent must be according to the facilities provided (Robinson, 2009). The most effective point towards a successful hotel is goal congruence (Goldsmith, 2002). Within the location category, the closeness to downtown and commercial areas was what the customer desired. Within the special features category, the presence of restaurants, business lounges and clubs gave a positive impact. Of the communication category the main desires were the provision of facilities like telephone and internet access. Based upon the analysis, this report gives recommendations such as: ensuring proper

Ap European History Chapter Essay Example for Free

Ap European History Chapter Essay The chief minister to King Henry VIII, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and Sir Thomas More, Wolsey’s successor, guided the opposition to Protestantism. The king earned the title â€Å"Defender of the Faith† by protecting the 7 sacraments against Luther’s attacks. Thomas More wrote Response to Luther in 1523. The King’s Affair The King’s marriage kick started the English Reformation. Catherine Aragon would not produce a male heir for King Henry VIII, only Mary, and Henry wanted a divorce. Catherine had first been the wife of Henry’s brother, Arthur, but he died, so Henry inherited Catherine. They were married in 1509 with a special dispensation from Pope Julius II himself. By the time of his divorce conflict, Henry was in love with Anne Boleyn, one of Catherine’s ladies-in-waiting. He wanted to wed Anne instead of Catherine. However, he could not get a divorce because Pope Clement VII was a prisoner of Charles V. Cardinal Wolsey, who was in charge of securing and annulment, was dismissed in shame when he failed to do so. Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell, both of whom harbored Lutheran sympathies then became Henry’s most trusted advisors. They wanted to create an English church of which the King would be the head. This allowed Henry to annul his own marriage. The â€Å"Reformation Parliament† In 1529, Parliament convened for a seven-year session. It was called the â€Å"Reformation Parliament†. During this period, it passed legislation that placed reins on the clergy. In 1531, the Convocation recognized that the King was the head of the Church. The Parliament published grievances against the Church, ranging from indifference to the laity to too many religious holidays. Parliament also passed Submission of the Clergy which brought canon law under royal control, and the clergy into royal jurisdiction. In 1533, Henry wed Boleyn and Parliament made the king the highest court of appeal for citizens. Also in 1533, Cranmer led the Convocation to annul Henry’s marriage to Catherine. In 1534, Parliament ended all payments by the laity and clergy to Rome and gave Henry power over ecclesiastical appointments. The Act of Succession made Anne Boleyn’s children legitimate. The Act of Supremacy made Henry the only head in earth of the Church of England. When Thomas More and John Fischer refused to recognize the Act of Succession and the Act of Supremacy, Henry had them executed to prove a point. In 1536 and 1538, Parliament dissolved England’s monasteries and nunneries. Wives of Henry VIII In 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed for treason and adultery, and her daughter Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Jane Seymour died in 1537, after giving birth to Edward. On the advice of Cromwell, he wed Anne of Cleves. The marriage was annulled by Parliament and Cromwell was executed. Catherine Howard, the fifth wife, was killed for adultery in 1542. Catherine Parr lived. The King’s Religious Conservatism Henry remained decidedly conservative in his religious beliefs. With the Ten Articles of 1536, he made mild confessions to Protestant tenets and maintained Catholic Doctrine. He forbade the clergy to marry or have concubines. Henry wrote the Six Articles of 1539 to strike at Protestant views. They reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity, declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private masses, and ordered the continuation of oral confession. Although William Tyndale’s translation was mandated in Parishes, England had to wait till Henry’s death until it could declare itself a Protestant country. The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI Edward was ten when his father died. During this reign, England fully enacted the Protestant Reformation. Edward VI and Somerset responded directly to John Calvin. During Somerset’s regency, Henry’s Six Articles and laws against heresy were fully repealed. Clerical marriage and communion with cup were sanctioned. In 1547, places where endowed masses had traditionally been said for the dead were dissolved. Images and altars were removed from churches in 1550. After Charles V’s victory over the German princes in 1547, German Protestant leaders fled to England for refuge. These people helped to guide the Reformation in England. The Second Act of Uniformity imposed a revised Book of Common Prayer on all churches. Thomas Cranmer’s 42 article confession of faith set forth moderate Protestant doctrine. It taught justification by faith and the supremacy of the Holy Scripture, denied transubstantiation, and recognized only two of the seven sacraments. All of the changes were short-lived however. In 1553, Mary I took Edward’s throne after his death and proceeded to revert back to Catholic doctrine and practice with a single-mindedness rivaling only that of her father’s. It was not until Anne Boleyn’s daughter’s reign that lasting religious settlement was worked out in England. Catholic Reform and the Counter-Reformation The Protestant Reformation was not a surprise. There were internal criticisms and ideas of reform within the Church already even before the Counter-Reformation in reaction to Protestant success. Sources of Catholic Reform Popes preferred â€Å"Men are to be changed by, not to change, religion. † – Superior General of the Hermits of Saint Augustine, instead of changing laws and institutions of the Church. Although the Church denounced it, there were still orders that pushed for reform: Theatines (1524) – Groomed the devout and reform minded leaders at the higher levels of the Church hierarchy. One of the cofounders of this order was Bishop Gian Pietro Carafa, who became Pope Paul IV. Capuchins (Recognized in 1528) – Sought to return to the ascetic and charitable ideals of Saint Francis and became popular among ordinary folks, who were their audience. Somaschi (mid-1520s) and Barnabites (1530) – Directed their efforts at repairing the moral, spiritual, and physical damage done to people in war-torn areas of Italy. For Women: Ursulines (1535) – Established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls from all social classes and became very influential. Oratorians (Recognized in 1575) – An elite group of secular clerics who devoted themselves to the promotion of religious literature and church music – One member was Giovanni Perluigi da Palestrina (1526 – 1594). In addition to these lay and clerical movements, Spanish mystics Saint Teresa of Avila (1515 – 1582) and Saint John of the Cross (1542 – 1591) popularized the mystical piety of medieval monasticism. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits The most successful reform group of the Counter-Reformation was the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits (Recognized by the church in 1540, began in 1530s). It grew so much that people went on missions to convert other who lived in Asia, the Americas and even Africa. The founder of Jesuits, Ignatius of Loyola, was a hero. His legs were injured during a battle with the French. He swore to become a religious person if he were to survive his injuries. While injured, he had a revelation, and after his recuperation, he began to preach about his revelations. He wrote Spiritual Exercises. He declared that people could shape their own behaviors through self-discipline and practice. In Jesuits eyes, Protestant dissenters were considered as disobedient of the Church authority, and by religious innovation. However, Ignatius of Loyola taught that people should submit to the authority of the Church and spiritual direction. The Council of Trent (1545 – 1563) The success of the Reformation and the insistence of Charles V caused Pope Paul to call for a general council of the church to reassert church doctrine. Caspar Contarini headed the council: he was a leading liberal theologian. However, even Contarini seemed blunt in his report by saying that the simony and the fiscal practices of the Roman Curia were the loss of Church esteem. The report was so critical that Paul IV could not suppress its distribution. Protestants printed and reprinted it to assert control over even the Papacy. The Council of Trent itself met in the following time periods: 1545 – 1547, 1551 – 1552, and 1562 – 1563, a period that spanned the careers of three popes. The laity was not permitted to share in the council’s decisions. The Council’s most important decisions were concerning the internal church discipline. It curtailed the sales of Church offices and other Church goods. Those who resided in Rome instead of the dioceses were forced to move their appointed seats of power. Trent oversaw that bishops could effectively enforce religious discipline and that bishops were subjected to rules that required them to be visible in regular preaching and conduct regular visitations. Parish priests were also to neatly dress, be better educated, strictly celibate, and active among parishioners. A seminary was also constructed in each diocese. The Council of Trent reaffirmed the following: Traditional Scholastic Education of the Clergy The role of good works in salvation The authority of tradition The seven sacraments Transubstantiation The withholding of the Eucharistic cup from the laity Clerical celibacy The reality of purgatory The veneration of saints, relics and sacred images The granting of letters of indulgences The Church solved medieval Scholastic quarrels in favor of the ideologies of Thomas Aquinas, who asserted his authority in the Church. Thereafter, the church offered its strongest resistance to groups like the Jansenists, who strongly endorsed the medieval Augustinian tradition, a source of alternative Catholic, as well as many Protestant, doctrines. Rulers were initially afraid that their lands were beginning to be taken over by papal authority, until the pope reassured them that the orders were by his decree only. The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinists often worked within the framework of reigning political power. This is because the founders themselves believed that they were not on Earth to change the political power, but only to reform religion. They remained highly sensitive to what was politically and socially possible in their age. Some scholars and historians believe that they encouraged acceptance of the sociopolitical status quo of their time. The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions The Reformation may have been politically conservative, but by the end of the 16th century, it had brought about radical changes in traditional religious practices and institutions in those lands where it succeeded. Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life Six to eight percent of the population in cities that later turned Protestant was the clergy and the religious, and they exercised political as well as spiritual power. They legislated, taxed, tried cases in special church courts, and they enforced their laws with threats of excommunication. The Church calendar regulated daily life. About one third of the year was given over to some kind of religious observance or celebration. There were frequent period of fasting. Monasteries, especially nunneries, were extremely prominent and influential institutions. The children of society’s most wealthy and powerful citizens resided there. On the streets, friars begged for alms from passerby. In Church, the mass and liturgy were read in Latin. Images of saints were regularly displayed, and on certain holidays their relics were paraded about and venerated. Local religious shrines enjoyed booming business. Pilgrims gathered there for either cures for illnesses, diversion, or even entertainment. Several times during the year, special preachers would come to sell indulgences. Many clergy walked the streets with concubines, even though there were banned from marriage. They only had to pay a small penitent to the Church for toleration. People everywhere could be heard complaining about the clergy’s exemption from taxation and from the civil criminal code. They also grumbled about having to support church offices whose occupants actually lived and worked elsewhere. Townspeople thought that education should be more secular. Religion in Sixteenth-Century Life Although few changes to social and political institutions were clear, the Reformation had firmly taken root in these cities. Overall numbers of the clergy decreased by about two thirds and the number of religious holidays fell by around one third. Places of religious seclusion were almost gone; the remaining ones were transformed into places for the sick and poor or places for education. Churches, which also had been reduced in number by about one third, conducted worship in the vernacular. The laity observed no obligatory fasts. Indulgence preachers no longer appeared. Local shrines were closed down. People venerating saints, relics and images were subject to fines and punishment. Copies or even excerpts of Luther’s translation of the New Testament were common in every household, and even the clergy began to meditate on them. The clergy were allowed to marry, and most did. They paid taxes and were punished in civil courts. Domestic moral life was regulated by committees of about equal numbers of laity and clergy: secular magistrates had the last word in these. Whereas ? of Europe could be considered Protestant in the 16th Century, only about one-fifth was Protestant in the mid-17th Century. The Reformation and Education A great cultural achievement was the Reformation’s implementation of many of the educational reforms of humanism in the Protestant schools and universities. Protestant reformers shared with humanists a common opposition to scholasticism and a belief in unity of wisdom, eloquence, and action. The humanist program of studies was an appropriate tool for the elaboration of Protestant doctrine, which remained ascendant in the Counter-Reformation. The Catholic counter-reformers acknowledged the close connections between the Reformation and the humanism. Ignatius of Loyola observed that new learning was embraced by the Protestants. In his Spiritual Exercises, he said that when the Bible was read directly, it be read under the authority of: Thomas Aquinas, Peter Lombard, and Bonaventure. These people had the clearest understanding, and should guide the study of the Scriptures. In August 1518, Philip Melanchthon (1497 – 1560), arrived at the University of Wittenburg, first implemented the curricular reforms on the humanist model. In his inaugural address, On Improving the Studies of the Young, he presented himself as a defender of the classical studies against â€Å"barbarians who practice barbarous arts†. Melanchthon urged the study of history, poetry and other humanist disciplines. Together, Luther and Melanchthon restructured the University of Wittenburg’s curriculum. Commentaries on Lombard’s Sentences were dropped, as was canon law. Straightforward historical study replaced the old Scholastic lectures on Aristotle. Students read from primary sources, not trusted commentators. New chairs of Greek and Hebrew were created. Luther and Melanchthon also pressed for universal compulsory education so that both boys and girls could get educated in the vernacular. In Geneva, John Calvin and Theodore Beza created the Genevan Academy, which later became the University of Geneva. It was created primarily for Calvinist Ministers, and pursued ideals similar to those set forth by Luther and Melanchthon. Because of the spread of Protestantism from this Academy, a working knowledge of Greek and Hebrew became commonplace in educated circles in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Some people believed that Protestantism was taking over humanism. Erasmus thought that the Reformation was a threat to the liberal arts and good learning. Sebastian Franck pointed out that there were parallels between Luther and Zwingli’s debates and the debate over the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin. In spite of these clashes, Humanist culture was indebted to the Reformation. Protestant endorsement of the humanist program remained significant to Humanism even after the Reformation. Protestant schools consolidated and preserved humanist culture for the modern world. In these Protestant schools, the studia humanitatis took hold. The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women Protestant reformers took a positive stand on clerical marriage and opposed monasticism and celibacy. They opposed the popular anti-woman and anti-marriage literature of the Medieval Period. They praised woman in her own right, but especially in her role as a housewife and mother. Although marriage laws gave women greater security, they were still subjects to their husbands. Protestant arguments for marriage included relief of sexual frustration and as a remedy for fornication. Many reformers acknowledged the power of women and could not imagine a world without them. Luther himself wrote that â€Å"Men cannot do without women. † John Calvin stated at the death of his wife that â€Å"I have been bereaved of the best companion of my life. † Such tributes were used to overcome the Catholic Church’s belief that marriage may distract the clergy. Protestants also stressed as no religious movement before them had, the sacredness of marriage and the family life. This attitude created a more respectful relationship between husband and wife and family. The Protestants also believed that women had equal rights to divorce and remarry in good conscience. The reformers were more willing to permit divorce and remarriage on grounds of adultery and abandonment than were the secular magistrates. These magistrates thought that liberal divorce laws would lead to social reform. Women in nunneries wrote that their overseeing by men was just as abusive as their married life. Women in higher classes found a religious component to their greater freedom in life. They believed that the cloister provided an interesting and independent way of life that their secular lives could not provide. Protestants encouraged the education of girls in the vernacular because they wanted women to become pious housewives. Through their education, women found that they were equal to men in the eyes of God. Education also gave women a role as independent authors of the Reformation. These advances were important in the steps toward the emancipation of women completely. Family Life in Early Modern Europe Changes in the timing and the duration of marriage, in family size, and in infant and child care suggest that family life was under a variety of social and economic pressures in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Reformation was a factor in these changes, but not the only or even the major one. Families have certain force and logic of their own, regardless of where they are and when they are. Differences in people lay in the ways different cultures and religions infuse family life with values and influence the behavior of family members. Later Marriages Between 1500 and 1800, men and women in Western Europe and England married at later ages. Men tended to in their mid to late-twenties and women in their mid-twenties. The Church sanctioned previously that the age for legal marriage was 14 for men and 12 for women. This might have occurred among the royalty and nobility. After the Reformation, the church required both parental agreement and public vows before a marriage could be recognized as legal. Late marriage in the West reflected the difficulty of being independent for the bachelor period. The difficulty arose because of the population growth during the 15th and 16th centuries (population was recovered from the Black Death). Larger families meant more heirs and a greater division of resources. In German and Scandinavian countries, inheritance would be divided among all male children. People were taking longer to prepare themselves for marriage than before. One in five women never married, and 15% were unmarried widows. A later marriage meant one of shorter duration. Women who bore children for the first time at later ages had a higher mortality than those who bore children at earlier ages. Because of this delayed marriage system, there was increased premarital fornication, and in turn, many illegitimate children were produced. Arranged Marriages Many marriages were arranged in the sense that parents would meet the parents of the spouse before conducting the ceremony. By the fifteenth century, it was not uncommon for bride and groom to have previously known each other, or even have had a previous relationship. Emotional feeling for one another was respected by the parents. Parents did not force marriages, and children could say â€Å"No†. A forced marriage was invalid and unwanted marriages would not last. Family Size The average husband and wife had eight children, and ? of them died by their teens, one third by the age of five. Families lived with their in-laws, servants, laborers and boarders. This was a nuclear family. Birth Control Ever since the beginning of mankind, there have been attempts to control child birth. The church’s banning of male withdrawal before ejaculation is a sign that it had been attempted before. Thomas Aquinas believed that the natural end of coitus was the creation of a child. Wet Nursing The church allied itself with physicians on the matter of condemning women who hired wet nurses. The practice however, was popular among high-class women. Children who were wet nursed usually had a higher mortality rate. To husband’s, a nursing wife was a reluctant lover. Many women prolonged nursing in order to delay a pregnancy. However, noblemen did not like this because they needed a male heir. This jeopardized the patrimony, and they supported wet nursing. Loving Families? Between the ages of eight and thirteen, children were sent out to apprenticeships, schools, or into employment. Widowers and widows married again within a few months of their spouses’ deaths, and marriage with great difference between age limited affection. Literary Imagination in Transition Alongside the political and cultural changes brought about by the new religious systems of the Reformation, medieval outlooks and values continued into the 17th century. However, the literary figures of the post-Reformation period had elements of both old and new styles. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Rejection of Idealism Spanish literature of the 16th and 17th centuries reflects the peculiar religious and political history of Spain in this period. Traditional Catholicism was a major part of Spanish life. Since the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the church received the support of reigning political power. The power of the church and the Inquisition did not allow for Protestantism to gain room in Spain. The piety of rulers also influenced Spanish rulers. The third influence was the preoccupation with medieval chivalric virtues, in particular, questions of honor and loyalty. Spanish literature remained more Catholic and medieval than that of England and France, where two Protestant movements occurred. Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderon, two of the period’s greatest writers, became priests. Cervantes only had a little bit of formal education. He educated himself by wide reading in popular literature and immersion in the â€Å"School of Life. † In prison, in 1603, he began to write Don Quixote. The first part of Don Quixote appeared in 1605. This work was written to satirize the chivalric romances then popular in Spain. Cervantes presents Don Quixote as an unstable middle class man. By reading too many chivalric romances, he believed he was an aspiring knight who had to prove himself through brave deeds. Don Quixote’s foil – Sancho Panza, a clever, worldly peasant who serves as Quixote’s squire – watches with bemused skepticism as his lord battles with a windmill, which he mistakes for a dragon. At the end, Quixote comes to his senses after a well-meaning friend defeats him â€Å"in battle† as a â€Å"knight†. Quixote returns to his village as a defeated man to die a brokenhearted old man’s death. Throughout the novel, Cervantes juxtaposes the realism of Panza with the religious idealism of Quixote. The reader however, perceives that Cervantes loved both characters equally. William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age

Political Disenchantment As The Greatest Threat Politics Essay

Political Disenchantment As The Greatest Threat Politics Essay Since the 1960s protests have become a normal part of politics in democracies. Does this threaten the stability of a democracy. So dissent occurs in democracies when there is a challenge to the legitimacy of the state or social system, or to dominant beliefs and values. The reason for political disenchantment is that citizens are also offered very little in terms of understanding the issues at stake by organisations or campaigners who treat the citizens as political observers when parties lose membership. But there are many more reasons as to why Political disenchantment seems to be on the rise. As constantly with the media there has been a dumb down in the news coverage so citizens have become less likely to understand underlying issues in respect of politics. Politics can be seen to fail when what it delivers is judged on a framework. The media feeds a culture where fact opinion and speculation, merge into one with a cynical view on politics. But the problem with this is that it disengages people and states that in the end selfishness will triumph. People therefore So when the media reflect on events that have taken place in the political arena it connects with political disenchantment as politicians are always the subject of the news for somethin g that they have done wrong. For example lying, yes politicians do lie sometimes but it generally rests upon to points; that being firstly we all lie some of the time and secondly there are many halfway houses that politicians may have to occupy uncomfortably to meet our expectations. A further example would be that people are very sensitive about the increasing rise in corruption and through corruption the reputations of politicians and political systems have been damaged. The real problem with politics even in democracies is that it is destined to disappoint, as it is a tough process of squeezing collective decisions out of multiple and competing interests and opinions. Populists see themselves as true democrats who defend the neglected interests of the people Gerry Stokers (stoker 2006) criticism of populists is that it fails to see the complexities of politics as changing the world as to how you want it, is a matter of capturing the will of the people. It should deliver what the people want, if it does not then it is down to corrupt politicians, the influence of do-gooders or big businesses. Additionally looking at globalisation and technological challenges to politicians in the 21st century, citizens have a sense of doubt that politics will be unable to deal with big issues effectively as people are more concerned with the planet and human species. Stoker insists that most people believe that their government does not act according to their wishes, this being because many people living in democracies are alienated from politics and feel that it does not work properly, so the types of people that the public would like to see with more power include intellectuals (writers and academics) and religious leaders. When it comes to politics most people are amateurs they have no intention about making it a career, as so Stoker further believes that people should be more reflective in their approach to politics and become more challenging included amateurs. Opportunities need to be more expanded for citizens to have a say about the issues they care about. People want a politics where they can say what is important to them, as having a say means wanting to influence. Not decide. But people tend to judge political decisions according to their own interests and circumstances , as people tend to assume that most other people agree with them. it would be false to say that a democracy without dissenters is a failed democracy, as if you have no one to disagree with you everyone would remain happy, no argument, no debates and it could only improve the world in which we live today, as people would be changing and making better laws, decisions not just made to help a single person but to benefit everyone. The statement is true as if this were to happen then it would not really be a democracy, as democracy is about trying to compromise and reach an agreement and so without dissenters you dont really have a democracy. Without dissent new laws cannot be set up as it really doesnt give any meaning. You are unable to limit the power of freedom of speech. Democracy is about equality so everyone has a right to vote, so without dissenters, the lower minorities could not get their views across, no line on opinions but a line in which they are expressed. When examining if it is terrorism that is the greatest threat to western democracies, some people see violence as a part of politics, others see it as when politics breaks down. Macintyre (Macintyre 1971) believes there are many reasons for people to use violence on political ends. On the other hand Honderich (Honderich 1986: 20) sees political violence or terror as a considerable destructive use of force against person or things a use of force prohibited by law directed to a change in the policies system. Terrorism is not a political ideology, but targets specific enemies as well as the innocent. E.g. Nazi Germany and the USSR rule under Stalin. Targets of terror could not defend themselves in law or by changing their behaviour. This can be seen in Italy under Mussolini as it was a repressive regime not a terror one because the legal system remained intact this can be seen with the amount of prosecutions (5,619) and the amount that were found guilty (998) as well as only 47 people being killed between 1921-1943. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union it has brought about greater uncertainty and diversity, as to what new type of ideologies are being formed. So when George Bush declared war on terrorism in the aftermath of 9/11 it fell in line with cold war imagery of the fight against communism, but terrorism or political terrorism is like no other isms. The crucial idea behind terrorism relates to the justification for the use of terror as a strategy, using violence to endanger and cause fear for those political ends. Terrorist groups and regimes are associated exclusively with either left-wing or right-wing thinking. Looking at the IRA it could be argued that the Brighton bomb was a political violent act according to O`Kane (OKane 2007: 27-48). But there were many attacks that were terrorist e.g. Dublin unless you can accept the warnings that were first. These warnings were for their supporters in order to let them know that they were trying to minimize their casualties. Hoffman and Graham state that you cannot be a terrorist if you are oppressing a repressive regime (Hoffman Graham 2009: 455). In conclusion disenchantment is the greatest threat to a democracy. Therefore if disenchantment was to occur in many or all western democracies citizens would leave the government to itself without taking any concern until an issue arises that affects them, (in a bad way) there will be revolt until something is done where these revolters are listened to and citizens could take to the form of political violence which in turn could lead to terror. So disenchantment does matter as it affects democracy, because democracy is a way of demanding through politics that all citizens have a right in what affects them, and so it is a guide as to how we should take collective decisions in society. This in turn should deliver what the people want as it is a way for people to get their voices heard. People like the idea of a democracy as it is the closest thing to self rule. But if terrorism was to take a massive boost in its members it would certainly be a great threat towards western democracies as terrorism targets both the guilty and the innocent, therefore not producing fear from intimidation but fear that comes from the unknown where there is no means of control.

Religion Essay -- essays research papers

The debate over the economic advantages of slavery in the South has raged ever since the first slaves began working in the cotton fields of the Southern States. Initially, the wealth of the New World was in the form of raw materials and agricultural goods such as cotton, sugar, and tobacco. Slavery, without a doubt, had its profitable aspects prior to the Civil War. However, this postulation began to change as abolitionists claimed the land of the Southern Plantations was overworked and the potential income of slaves was lower than that of white people who had a vested interest in the productivity and success of the South. The concept of slavery had been brought over to America by the ideals of British Mercantilism which called for strict regulation of the state and its people for the good of the national economy. In the early 1700’s, Frenchman Colbert stated that, "no commerce in the world produces as many advantages as that of the slave trade"(Williams, 144). The inhumane practice of slavery began in the American colonies in 1619. Although Africans first came to the New World around 1501, the early colonists did not think to use them as slave labor. Instead, they imported poor, white indentured servants from Europe to clear forests and cultivate fields. It was the English colonists that incited the idea of using Black slaves. They could be caught easily because of their color and they could be bought and kept until they died. "Negroes, from a pagan land and without exposure to the ethical ideals of Christianity, could be handled with more rigid methods of discipline and could be morally and spiritually degraded for the sake of stability on the plantation,† wrote historians John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss Jr. in "From Slavery to Freedom" (22). Where America failed in Mercantilism was in not providing enough slaves to generate a sufficient profit margin and by becoming a divided nation over the issue of slavery. Southern slaves were viewed in economic terms of labor to capital. While the ownership of slaves was a source of pride in plantation owners, this interdependence of slave on master and master to slave created a vicious cycle of rashness that caused slave owners to often become irrational. In the south, slaveholdings varied according to size, location, and crops produced. Slavery in cities differed substantially from th... ...er to the problem of slavery. Olmsted asserted that the â€Å"majority of those who sell the cotton crop† were â€Å"poorer than the majority of our day-labourers at the North† (171). His chief complaint with slavery was that the quantity produced by slaves, be it cotton or tobacco or any marketable good, was drastically inferior. Olmsted asserted that it took two times as many slaves as Northern labourers to accomplish a task (172). â€Å"Low-quality labor, poor use of resources, and indifferent management all combined, said Olmsted, to make southern agriculture far less efficient than northern agriculture† (172). Olmsted asserted that psychologically, slaves preformed poorly under conditions of fear of punishment and free men, without this fear, would certainly be more productive in defending their reputation and standing with pride with their employer. The low productivity of slaves could be explained by the conditions in which they were forced to live and work in. Inadequate care, incentives and training left the slaves without proper preparation for their role on the plantation (Genovese, 46). A cyclical effect of malnutrition and disease was apparent on many plantations. Since malnutrition

Reaction Paper on Trust Doctrine on Intergenerational Responsibility

REACTION PAPER ON TRUST DOCTRINE OF INTERGENERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY by Felrose Lynn V. Acenas We are poised right at the edge of some very major changes on Earth. Maybe it is indeed safe to say that we really are a geological force that's changing the  planet. Within the lifetimes of today's children, scientists say, the climate could reach a state unknown in  civilization. Whether we accept it or not, Climate Change is upon us. It is good to know that many of us are active in bringing about change and are concerned with the environment.Climate Change is a major problem and various entities around the world are doing their best to address this problem. This is why Trust Doctrine is proposed, it is for the litigation of climate change issues with an emphasis on the rights of future generations. The public trust doctrine provides a method whereby environmental lawyers can bring suit against governments on behalf of current and future generations. Deriving from the common law of pr operty, the public trust doctrine is the most fundamental legal mechanism to ensure that government safeguards natural resources necessary for public welfare and survival.In the context of the climate crisis, which threatens the life of innumerable human beings into the future, the public trust doctrine functions as a judicial tool to ensure that the political branches of government protect the basic right to life held by citizens. An ancient yet enduring legal principle, it underlies modern statutory law. At the core of the doctrine is the principle that every sovereign government holds vital natural resources in â€Å"trust† for the public. As trustee, government must protect the natural trust for present and future generations.It must not allow irrevocable harm to critical resources by private interests. In the Oposa Vs Factoran Case, the petitioners, all minors, sought the help of the Supreme Court to order the respondent, the Secretary of DENR, to cancel all existing Tim ber License Agreement in the country and to cease and desist from receiving, accepting, processing, renewing or approving the new TLAs. They alleged that the massive commercial logging in the country is causing vast abuses on rainforest.They furthered the rights of their generation and the rights of the generations yet unborn to a balanced and healthful ecology. The Supreme Court decided in the Affirmative. Under Section 16, Article II of the 1987 Constitution it states that: The state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful; ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Needless to say, every generation has a responsibility to the next to preserve that rhythm and harmony for the full enjoyment of a balanced and healthful ecology.Put a little differently, the minor’s assertion to their right to a sound environment constitutes, at the same time, the performance of their obligation to ensure the protection of that right for the g enerations to come. This is an eye opener, If these minors did their part, how much more those with discernment, and especially those who are legally knowledgeable. We must all remember that we all have an intergenerational responsibility to our future generations.

Role Set Analysis

?Role Set Analysis is a method that helps people to think through what is expected of them and they could clash and cause other issues. This method helps managers to check whether or not they are using time effectively. It compares existing procedures with current priorities. By using this method it can help to show what the end objective of the job being analyzed should be. There are many advantages of using the Role Set Analysis. It is easy to apply or update, it assists managers to ask certain questions of themselves about their priorities and objectives. It can also work with a group or team to see if the activities that are being done need to be changed and lastly, it can be used for a entire department or organization to make sure they have the correct resources in the correct places. This process uses a market research approach to a particular job. The data that is collected consists of the expectations of the main individuals or groups that communicates with the person. The main question that needs to be asked is â€Å"What do others expect from me? † instead of â€Å"What should I be doing? † The first step is to accomplish is to identify what the main elements in the role set are. The next step is to combined the data and the pressures into a logical form. This is done by creating a flow chart to make it easier to review and understand. Once this is completed, the next step is to that the time and priorities that are allocated to each element in the role set is in line with what is actually needed. This can be done effectively by keeping a daily log of what their daily tasks are for a couple of days. This information can be compared with what is being reviewed for change. This information will help to ensure that the analysis that has been created is going to be effective.

Language and Lexicon

Language and Lexicon Free Online Research Papers When people think of language they think of the meaning of different languages such as English, Spanish, or French. It is not very often that the actual meaning of language is though of. In detail language has a very complex definition and meaning. This paper will examine the meaning and actual content of the English word language and lexicon and will also discuss the features and levels of language and discuss how language affects cognitive psychology. Language and Lexicon The main purpose of language is to provide a means of communication (Willingham, 2007) from species to species and interspecies. Language is the way people are able to verbally express their feelings, needs, desires, complaints, questions, and so on. Language comes in many forms given the species and requirements of the species. Some people are able to verbally communicate and others are not, relying on sign language and other means of communication. Humans are able to communicate with other species through words, patterns, sound, and body movement, or sign language as well. Identifiable words used in language are stored in the lexicon; a mental dictionary (Willingham, 2007). A lexicon is a part of the memory that acts as a dictionary. When people hear words they are recognized in the lexicon. The lexicon stores components related to words such as; pronunciation, spelling, and a part of speech (Willingham, 2007). When people hear words the lexicon is able to recognize how the word is spelled, how it sounds, and understands speech factors. Definition of words is not housed in the lexicon. However, there is a pointer element of the lexicon that directs the word to another area that the definition is housed (Willingham, 2007). The lexicon has a close relationship with language and its functions. Language Features Aspects that make words and means of communication are distinct. Properties of language are arbitrary, structured, communicative, generative, and dynamic. When discussing language the relationship between a word and its meaning is arbitrary. Words are nothing more than sounds and sound patterns that people connect with meanings. Language is arbitrary because there is no specific reason words are related to objects other than what a culture appoints them to be (Willingham, 2007). The relationship between words and their meaning are arbitrary; however, language is not. Language is structured. To think of language as a whole, and not just the specific words, it must have a pattern or a structure. Meaning, words must be arranged in context appropriately to efficiently be able to communicate language. Though words are arbitrary in themselves, to be part of a language they must be used in appropriate context. This is the structure of language. It would not make sense to place words anywhere in a sentence, out of context; they must be used in the pattern that the culture has established to be able to communicate effectively. They are appointed; however, as a means of communication (Willingham, 2007). The main reason people deem words to objects is to have a means of communication. To be able to communicate amongst other humans and species a language must be established. If words were not appointed to meanings communication would be based solely on body language or sign language; much like the images portrayed by cavemen. Therefore a language is communicative. However, some aspects of language are not restricted (Willingham, 2007). There are no limits to the number of meanings a word can have. Words are a sector of language that is generative. Meaning, any word can have the same phonologic tone, pattern, and sound but have different meanings. The surrounding contents of a sentence indicate the appropriate meaning to a word. Language can be complicated, it is arbitrary, and it is not arbitrary, it must be structured, and some components are not structured; one stable function is that it is ever-changing (Willingham, 2007). Language changes as evolution revolves and meanings of its functions change. One may have noticed that a specific phrase may have had a different meaning twenty years ago then it does today. This is meant, at the present time, to be dynamic. When something is dynamic it is always subject to change (Willingham, 2007). Levels of Language Language is broken down into different levels. One level of language leads to the next. The four levels of language are phonemes, words, sentences, and text. Phonemes are the lowest level of language. It is the part of language that delegates sound to parts of the words; such as the sounds of the alphabet. Each word has a sound as a whole word; but each word is compromised from many different sounds. In the English language words are composed from different words of the alphabet. Each sector of the word is either a letter or a vowel. Every letter and vowel of the alphabet have an individual sound; some letters and vowels have more than one sound. These sounds put together pronounce a word. It is the phonemes that make a word sound the way it does (Willingham, 2007). Each individual phoneme creates a word when put together. Words are the next level of language. Though words may have many different meanings and are arbitrary they do have specific rules. Different cultures have different rules for their words. Different uses of phonemes create many different sounds and are governed in cultural language (Willingham, 2007). It is appropriate for the next level of language to be sentences. As all the levels of language are connected, from the sound of each individual phoneme, to the combination of phonemes to form words, it makes sense that the combination of words would form sentences. Sentences are the constructs of words; though they are more complex than a single word or phoneme. Sentences, unlike words, are not arbitrary. The structure of the words must fit into a pattern so that the meanings of the words match the content of the sentence (Willingham, 2007). Like words must fit the context of a sentence, a sentence must fit the content of its paragraph. Often time’s single sentences alone can be complex to understand. Text is considered to be the meaning of many sentences put together to further elaborate on topics, and is the highest level of language. If a person spoke of a topic using many sentences that did not relate together others would not be able to understand the concept the he or she were trying to convey. All the aspects of language must fit together to be comprehensive. The phoneme must fit in the word, a word must fit in the sentence, and a sentence must fit into the text. If one of the levels did not coincide with the next the cognitive process would not be able to comprehend the meaning of the word, sentence, or text (Willingham, 2007). Language Processing in Cognitive Psychology It is clear that language has a large influence on the way a person thinks. When people think of ideas or problems the thoughts consist of the person’s native language. The very thought, which will be in a persons respective language, is nearly impossible to imagine without words or language. Many have debated if thought would be possible without language. Without language what would thoughts consist of? A perspective by Benjamin Whorf, known as the Whorfian hypothesis, explains that because of the strong bond between language and thought it would be nearly impossible to comprehend. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that if someone had words of a foreign language in their thoughts it would be impossible to tie the thoughts to anything relevant. People may be able to pronounce a word in a foreign language but without knowledge of what the words meant the cognitive process would not be able to comprehend the words. Conclusion When language is broken down and each aspect is analyzed it is very clear how complex language really is. Language consists of many components from the sound of phonemes to the sound of the words to the meaning of a combination of sentences in a text. Language can be thought of as the heart of communication. Without language communication would be so complex that the cognitive process would never be able to comprehend meanings. Reference Willingham, D. T. (2007). Cognition: The thinking animal (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn Bacon. Research Papers on Language and LexiconAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMind TravelQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Essay about 483 Hw 2

Essay about 483 Hw 2 Essay about 483 Hw 2 Jake Novicki 2/6/14 MGMT 483 2. In every company, big or small, employee motivation is a factor that can have sales booming or at an all time low. An individual incentive pay program can be used as a very effective motivating tool when applied to the proper jobs. However, there are a few jobs which this program would be inappropriate for and could cause more harm than good. A job in sales such as a care salesman would be appropriate when applying the incentive pay. The incentive to make more money of of each sale is going to drive the employee to really push his sales onto the customers and try his best to close as many deals as possible. Jobs in manufacturing could also use incentive pay as a motivator. Managers at the warehouse I work in offer bonus pay each quarter for effective and high quality productions from each employee. The jobs jobs that I I believe an incentive program would be inappropriate are policemen and firemen. These jobs require the employees to be motivated at all times not only for the ir safety but as well as they people they serve. The fact that they put their life on the line every time they go to work should be incentive enough. 4. Under a group or company wide incentive program there will still be employees who are not motivated to perform their job at a high level and will still end up benefiting from the hard work and dedication from their co-workers. what I believe the company can do in this situation to stop the poor performing workers from benefiting off others is monitor each individual and grade the performance for each week. Just as the company’s efficiency is being monitored I believe each individuals progress should be monitored an recorded weekly. When it comes times for the benefits to be handed out the employees individual track records should be reviewed and those who did not perform at an acceptable rate should not be offer the bonus or benefits the others receive.

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay Example for Free (#3)

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay Macbeth (632) , Drama (623) , Fleance (115) Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. Discuss how â€Å"The Banquet Scene† has been realised on screen and consider the effectiveness of its portrayal. Shakespeare was born in 1564 when Elizabeth the First was Queen of England. Shakespeare did not go to university when he left school; instead, he worked. He married Anne Hathway when he was eighteen and she became the mother of his daughter, Susanna, and also of twins. Although there are many public documents concerned with his career as a writer and a businessman, Shakespeare has hidden his personal life from us. A nineteenth century poet, Matthew Arnold, addressed Shakespeare in a poem and wrote: â€Å"We ask and ask – Thou smilest, and art still†. There is not even a portrait of the world’s greatest Dramatist. I am going to look at the banquet scene, in my opinion, one of the most important scenes in â€Å"Macbeth†; it shows many sides to both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The scene opens with the couple welcoming all the guests to their Banquet, the atmosphere is warm and jolly, and everyone is joking and enjoying themselves. The atmosphere becomes more sombre when one of Banquo’s murderers arrives with news for Macbeth. Although Banquo is â€Å"safe†, Fleance on the other hand has † ‘scap’d â€Å". Macbeth tries to â€Å"Act like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t† in front of his guests, but this does not last for long, the guilt gets the better of Macbeth and causes him to hallucinate. The Lords were all very confused, and so, Lady Macbeth tries to cover-up for her husband by telling them all that Macbeth suffers from an illness, which causes him to behave in such a manner. â€Å"Sit, worthy friends – My Lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth†. â€Å"The fit is momentary – upon a thought he will be well again†. The two productions I am going to look at are Roman Polanski’s 1971 Production along with Gregory Doran RSC production. In Gregory Doran’s production, Macbeth’s house resembles a prison. The front foyer is very bare, with lots of different entrances: this is trying to show us that Macbeth is imprisoned in his world of guilt. Macbeth is dressed as a soldier, which gives me the impression he is at war, maybe Doran is trying to put across the fact that Macbeth is trying to fight against all of the evil. Roman Polanski dressed Macbeth in beautiful robes; Macbeth is also wearing his crown. This makes me think Macbeth is in total control of everything. Both producers hold the Banquet in a large, dull, cold room, this symbolises the fact that Macbeth has nowhere to hide; it also creates a tense atmosphere. In Polanski’s production, Macbeth sees Banquo and he goes mad! â€Å"Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee!† He continues to rant and rave at this ghost of Banquo, whom only Macbeth can see. He frightens and startles not only the lords, but also Lady Macbeth. We know this by the look of worry on her face. She then pulls her husband aside to try and help him see sense. He sees what she is trying to say and returns to normality, but this only lasts for a matter of moments, and then Macbeth resumes to his fit of madness again. Macbeth is gradually loosing control. While Macbeth moves back, Banquo continues to advance. As both men keep moving, the camera becomes Banquo. We see high angle shot of Macbeth; it seems as though Banquo is looking down upon Macbeth and that he is now the one in control. Lady Macbeth tries to make excuses for her husband’s behaviour by saying â€Å"Sit worthy friends: My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth: pray you, keep seat: the fit is momentary: upon a thought he will be well again†. We then see a long shot of the lords at the table; they all look very puzzled and confused. By this time, Macbeth is in a corner, on the ground with Banquo towering over him, he moves in closer and closer, then Banquo is cut, and Macbeth is left sitting on the ground, a trembling wreck. Gregory Doran’s RSC Production is very similar to Polanski’s. He also shows Macbeth being overpowered by Banquo. When Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth aside to try and snap him out of his â€Å"fit†, he is unable to look her in the eye, he keeps watching the ghost of Banquo. He realises what his wife is trying to say, and so he returns to his normal self again. The way that Macbeth is changing personalities so suddenly in this scene reminds me of a schizophrenic, it’s almost as though he has some kind of mental disorder. Macbeth tries to laugh it off and composes himself. However, this only lasts for a moment. When Macbeth sees Banquo again, he drops his chalice, and the white wine spills onto the floor. This is an interesting observation because all the other products I watched used red wine, a sign of evil and danger, but white reminds me of innocence. Maybe Gregory Doran feels that Macbeth was innocent and this is why he uses white wine rather than red. He may feel it was the witches, or maybe Lady Macbeth’s influence that encouraged him to do all those evil things. Personally, I feel it was Lady Macbeth that caused him to go through with Duncan’s murder, but yet again, how many could be talked into murder without desiring it themselves? Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. (2017, Oct 14).

Analyze and make an argument for the success of Martin Luther King Jr Essay

Analyze and make an argument for the success of Martin Luther King Jr speech, I Have a Dream - Essay Example talked about equality for all the races and probably this is the main reason why this speech was a huge success as it changed the whole scenario of the American civil war and the black’s fight for getting equal rights like the white people in America. Martin Luther King delivered this speech around 50 years ago in the footsteps of Lincoln memorial in the august of 1963. The speech started with the history of blacks in America and their continuous struggle to get equal rights in the country just like the other people living in the country moved very beautifully and had all the listeners enchanted. It talked first about the great leader of America under whose footsteps it was being delivered, King then moved on to mention the declaration of independence and its constituents that after the independence all the citizens of America which included black people too would be treated equally and have the same right. No one will be treated on the basis of their color but hundreds of years later, the blacks are still being oppressed as they’re not being given their rights and are not being treated equally. In his speech Martin Luther King talked majestically about how justice has disappeared from the country and how the blacks have been struggling throughout their history in this country. They have been oppressed and being treated as slaves but, they deserve equal rights. King mentioned in his speech that the struggle of blacks to get their rights, to get to get what they deserve and to get what actually is theirs will continue until they achieve their goal but they will not at all use the path of violence but continue their ‘Creative Struggle’. This speech indeed was a very well researched one as King had his point proven after he had delivered the speech. The speech mentioned Bible, the Holy book of the Christians, The Declaration of Independence and President Lincoln, who had all talked about equality and justice for all, Who had all talked about giving equal

Develop a Change Management Plan for CrysTel Essay

Develop a Change Management Plan for CrysTel - Essay Example into examining how this change process will be executed with particular attention to leadership style that can ensure continuous success of the process. Also, measures and ways to monitor the change process will be examined. The project will end with an examination of the challenges that the organization may face in the foreseeable future spanning from the next five to ten years and possible contingent solutions to these problems. We begin by talking about what organizational change is and then examining the reasons why it happens or is necessary in every organization. Organizational change or change in general can be defined from a variety of points depending on the perception of the user. An individual or employee in an organization may look at a new post or position as a change while higher management may feel it is unimportant. (Cao et al, 2000, p187). Changes viewed also by management may also not be looked upon as change by outsiders like competitors or suppliers. This has led to the categorizing of change in various ways, some of which include strategic and non-strategic change, incremental and radical change, changes of identity, co-ordination and control, planned and emergent change, change in terms of scale, human-centered change in terms of individual, group and inter-group or organizational level, quantum change and so on. (Cao et al, 2000, p187; Todnem, 2005, p372). Changes can also be structural , that is dealing with the physical alteration of an organization like its buildings and equipment or even employees. (Bennett & Durkin, 2000). On the other hand, it may be a change in process, that is, the way the related group of tasks are combined to create value for a target customer. (Cao et al, 2000, p188). A change can as well be in functions, that is, the decision system or policy and resource allocation duties of a particular element of an organization. There can also be changes in values, beliefs and human behavior in terms of social

El Nino And Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

El Nino And Disease - Essay Example Although largely a regional phenomenon, as Fagan portrays, the effects are global in nature, as shown through various analyses. Warm ocean water temperatures, occurring anomalously, do develop from the South American west coast and influence climatic conditions across the vast Pacific Ocean. The El Nià ±o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) refers to different variations, in terms of the surface ocean temperatures along the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Air surface pressure is also affected within the Pacific Ocean’s tropical eastern region with the two variations being coupled (successive in nature). First, is the warm oceanic phase (El Nià ±o), which goes hand in hand with high air surface pressure, within the western Pacific region.Next follows the cold phase, which occurs with low oceanic air pressure. The above scenario portrays two extremes of climatic patterns, with the oscillations causing such conditions as droughts on the one hand, and floods on the other. This is the pr imary reason, why cholera and malaria are the most endemic of diseases significantly influenced by this phenomenon. Regionally, the wider Pacific Ocean is affected, in terms of water temperatures (both above and below the surface); in addition to developing nations, especially those bordering the water mass. These states, majorly dependent upon the fishing industry, and the agricultural sector are thus influenced in more than one way.Not only is their economic basis majorly affected, so too are the prevailing health statistics.

What signals that the quality of supervision is good or bad Essay

What signals that the quality of supervision is good or bad - Essay Example Employees like to be associated with supervisors who listen to issues that are affecting their performance. Therefore, when the supervision is effective and ensures that the working environment is conducive, employees are unlikely to leave the organization because of the uncertainties concerning the next working place. Employees approach towards the supervisor can signal good supervision. Good supervisors have an open-door policy whereby, employees are free to talk to them on any issues that is related to the job without the use of intermediaries. This can be personal or work-related. These are some of the aspects that affect their performance while working in the organization. Therefore, when supervision is good, employees feel free to talk to their supervisors. Employees respect towards the supervisors is a sign of good supervision. Supervisors who integrate with the employees and listen to them earn themselves respect from the subordinates. This is because the employees recognize their effort to make their workplace more comfortable for them. Good balance between work and other activities in the organization is an indication of good supervision. Good supervisors know how to ensure that the work is done effectively and within the timeframe given. This is through encouraging the employees to work as a single team (Cassidy and Robert 31). However, they treat employees as their fellow human beings. This is through interacting with them in order to rectify a problem rather than commanding or yelling at them. Employees trust on their supervisors is an indication of good supervision. Supervisors guide the rest of the employees towards specific objectives. However, when supervisors fail to offer the group with the direction, they lose the trust of the employees. This can be indicated by employees seeking help from the top-level managers, an aspect that involves overlapping the protocols in the organization. Less conflict in a group is a sign of good

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique - Essay Example We were all excited because it not only took us out of the confines of the classroom but also gave us opportunity to enjoy getting wet in the rains! Our walk through the history was a real eye opener because it kept attracting people to join our small group. At each of the destination, the number of people increased and finally when we reached Brown Island Park, we were actually part of a big crowd. It was highly satisfying because our walk had served to motivate other people, including the young and the old who were similarly inclined to explore the socio-cultural history of Richmond. Most interesting was the fact that rain had absolutely failed to deter the history enthusiasts who had kept their zeal till the end. I can thus confidently assert that ‘walking tours’ are highly relevant in the contemporary times because it inspires people to learn from history. Historical places and documents showcase a country’s inheritances of its socio-cultural values that have traversed time and help inculcate sense of national pride. I tremendously enjoyed the walk and learnt that knowing our history is important part of development. (words: 282)

El Nino And Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

El Nino And Disease - Essay Example Although largely a regional phenomenon, as Fagan portrays, the effects are global in nature, as shown through various analyses. Warm ocean water temperatures, occurring anomalously, do develop from the South American west coast and influence climatic conditions across the vast Pacific Ocean. The El Nià ±o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) refers to different variations, in terms of the surface ocean temperatures along the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Air surface pressure is also affected within the Pacific Ocean’s tropical eastern region with the two variations being coupled (successive in nature). First, is the warm oceanic phase (El Nià ±o), which goes hand in hand with high air surface pressure, within the western Pacific region.Next follows the cold phase, which occurs with low oceanic air pressure. The above scenario portrays two extremes of climatic patterns, with the oscillations causing such conditions as droughts on the one hand, and floods on the other. This is the pr imary reason, why cholera and malaria are the most endemic of diseases significantly influenced by this phenomenon. Regionally, the wider Pacific Ocean is affected, in terms of water temperatures (both above and below the surface); in addition to developing nations, especially those bordering the water mass. These states, majorly dependent upon the fishing industry, and the agricultural sector are thus influenced in more than one way.Not only is their economic basis majorly affected, so too are the prevailing health statistics.

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique - Essay Example We were all excited because it not only took us out of the confines of the classroom but also gave us opportunity to enjoy getting wet in the rains! Our walk through the history was a real eye opener because it kept attracting people to join our small group. At each of the destination, the number of people increased and finally when we reached Brown Island Park, we were actually part of a big crowd. It was highly satisfying because our walk had served to motivate other people, including the young and the old who were similarly inclined to explore the socio-cultural history of Richmond. Most interesting was the fact that rain had absolutely failed to deter the history enthusiasts who had kept their zeal till the end. I can thus confidently assert that ‘walking tours’ are highly relevant in the contemporary times because it inspires people to learn from history. Historical places and documents showcase a country’s inheritances of its socio-cultural values that have traversed time and help inculcate sense of national pride. I tremendously enjoyed the walk and learnt that knowing our history is important part of development. (words: 282)

Directing a scene from A View From The Bridge Essay Example for Free

Directing a scene from A View From The Bridge Essay A view from the bridge is a play written by Arthur Miller in 1955. Arthur Miller was born in New York in 1915 and has written over 18 well known plays, some of which have won various awards. A view from the bridge was one of his first plays. This play is based in America in the 1950s when immigrants were coming into America from Italy by the big ships on the water-front. Immigration was illegal so immigration officers set up posts to try and find the immigrants, therefore immigrants had to stay low to avoid being caught and often had to stay at relatives houses. I will be directing the scene from page 55-58 when Eddie teaches Rodolpho how to box. I have chosen this scene because it is the first scene Eddie gets physical with Rodolpho. I feel this is a very important scene because the relationship between Eddie and Rodolpho has not been good throughout the play, this scene also creates a lot of tension as the audience want to see if the fight develops and how Rodolpho will react to Eddie boxing with him. Before this scene the relationship between Eddie and Rodolpho has been very rocky. Eddie does not think very much of him because he can sing and dance, from the very first time he met Rodolpho he didnt like his singing and became a bit jealous as Catherine instantly took a shine to Rodolpho. Catherine was very kind to Rodolpho from the very first time she saw him. P. 29Come here, sit down, Ill get you some soup. She is being very kind considering Marco and Rodolpho are strangers, where as Eddie is a bit more apprehensive towards them both, especially Rodolpho. An example of this is on page 32 when Rodolpho starts to sing Paper Doll. Everyone is enjoying his singing apart from Eddie. Hey, kid-hey, wait a minute- Eddie jumps in to stop him. After the boxing scene the relationship deteriates between Eddie and Rodolpho and Marco. This scene is important because it is the turning point as Marco shows his strength through lifting a chair with one hand, yet Eddie (up till now) has been the character in control but can not lift the chair unlike Rodolpho. I think this scene sets the tone for the rest of the play because Eddie changes from Mr. Cool. To someone who is no longer in control of everything. He is now suddenly no longer in full control of Catherine which is someone he loves wants to control. At the start of the scene I am going to direct there is a lot of tension in the room between Eddie, Beatrice and Catherine as Catherine asks Rodolpho to dance. I would show the shock of Eddie as his Catherine is dancing with someone else by getting him to freeze on the spot and look over casually (but obviously so the audience can see and understand his shock) to Beatrice and Marco to see what they think, and to see if they are also shocked. As Beatrice says Go ahead, dance, Rodolpho. Eddie would put his drink of whisky in his hand, swill it around and sit down watching Rodolphos every move. As Beatrice tries to make conversation I would get her to say it once or twice to make it look as if Eddie is so involved in watching Rodolpho. He would then say a sharp and quick Yes! to convey he is not interested in what she is saying but only in their dance. I would use white lighting to light up the dance and a dull light would fill the rest of the room. When Marco talks about Rodolpho being a cook as well a red light to show anger would then shine brightly on Eddie as he stands up and then talks loudly and says, Hes a cook too! The red light would then fade as Eddie cools down to show the audience his anger is fading. In Rodolphos defense Catherine will quickly reply They get some high pay them guys. The head chefs in all the big hotels are men. You read about them. They will carry on dancing, Rodolpho showing a bit of anxiety by looking at Marco in a confused way. Eddie then stands up and starts to talk about how the dock is no place for Rodolpho. Beatrice looks away as if she is ashamed Eddie is saying this. Catherine and Rodolpho stop dancing and start to listen to Eddie, Catherine giving looks of worry towards Beatrice. The main spotlight shines on Eddie so the audience can see this is an important part for Eddie. When Eddie gets near to the end of his speech because he is trying to make Rodolpho see he should levee he starts to swill his glass too much and then spills bits of it. Realizing Eddie is making a bit of a fool of himself he freezes, sits down and offers to take Rodolpho to a boxing match. Catherine who is somewhat shocked by Eddies quick change of heart, she shows this to the audience by to Beatrice then offering to make coffee. As he asks Rodolpho if he has ever done any boxing before he puts his cigar and whisky down as this will make the audience aware he is going to get up. The audience are now aware of Eddie and his explosive anger and know he does not like Rodolpho, the audience are aware he is going to try something funny. As he asks Rodolpho to box Beatrice will try to cool Eddie off and try to get him to sit back down, in reply to this Eddie says Beatrice step aside, let the man learn how to box if that is what he wishes, you are a real man right? This line puts pressure onto Rodolpho as he wants to be seen as a man and especially by Eddie, so he accepts the offer. Beatrice then backs off and lets Eddie teach Rodolpho how to box. Rodolpho is a bit embarrassed, as he doesnt know what to do. Eddie teaches him slowly, then Rodolpho begins to get the hang of it and they go at a faster pace. Eddie encourages Rodolpho as if he actually wants Rodolpho to hit him. Beatrice sees no harm and comments on how well Rodolpho is doing. Tension is starting to be created in the audience and there is also some dramatic irony because the audience know Eddie is going to do something. Eddie is now practically telling Rodolpho to hit him. Catherine enters the room and she is shocked at what she sees so rushes off to Beatrice and demands to know what is going on. Eddie then says youve had a good crack at me, now let me have a go at you! Rodolpho is just about to say something when Eddie hits him lightly around the cheeks and warns Rodolpho to be ready at all times, he then throws a second quick punch and connects it to Rodolphos face. Rodolpho is pushed back by the shock but just mildly hurt. At the time of the punch Marco is blocking the audiences view of Rodolpho and Eddie actually hits Rodolphos hand, it will still make the same sort of sound but the audience will not know Rodolpho wasnt really hit. The audience is stunned. Catherine runs over to Rodolpho to see if he is alright. Eddie quickly says Your alright, you couldnt be hurt by a blow like that could you? Again this puts pressure on Rodolpho to answer no, he replies No, Im fine, honestly. He staggers over to a chair with Catherine comforting him. Beatrice then calls over Eddie, she scolds him as if he was a small child and warns him not to do anything like that again. Beatrice and Eddie break the silence by once again telling Rodolpho how well he did. Marco stands and calls over to Eddie Eddie, How strong are you? Fairly strong, why? Eddie replies, interested. Think you can lift this here chair? Eddie is confused so he goes over to Marco. Catherine and Rodolpho start to dance to Paper Doll. Once again. Marco says Watch me. He then gets down onto one knee and strains but manages to lift the chair with one hand. He stands up with the chair and looks directly into Eddies eyes as if challenging his power and strength. Eddie all most laughs as Marco asks him to lift the chair up. Everyone has stopped what they are doing and are now watching Eddie. Eddie clutches the chair and strains but cannot lift the chair. Eddies face turns from smiling to disbelieve. Eddie stands and says Oh eerr never new that about a chair, good party trick that Marco. Marco then replies Yes it is but only if you can do it. Marco says this deadly seriously as if he is teasing Eddie because he couldnt do it. Everyone on set freezes and curtain falls.

Competition and Performance in Supermarket Industry

Competition and Performance in Supermarket Industry Analyse the management aspects of competition and performance in the supermarket industry, based on the case study given in the attachment. What role have the competitive strategies of supermarkets had in their success? In evaluating the sources of sustainable competitive advantage, which seem most important: market positioning, high levels of market power, or high levels of internal efficiency? Taking into consideration the four current dominant supermarket chains in the UK; Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s and Morrisions, whilst acknowledging the slightly smaller popular grocery retailers such as Waitrose and Marks and Spencer an analysis of their comparative individual strategic framework is not dissimilar in many ways. Certainly in terms of the top four providers they have increased their market share through relentless buy up of smaller local convenience stores and chains, in addition to undercutting local suppliers, making them more cost effective. This has resulted in the retail food industry becoming an Oligopoly market, where only a few firms dominate the market by way of high levels of branding, brand loyalty, stable prices and a strong interdependence between the leading stores in relation to their own strategic movements. The emphasis is on advertising campaigns and tough barriers for any new competitors to overcome. They are all benefitting considerably by their economies of sale.[1] Tesco controls over 30% of the overall British grocery market. A market position which provides it with the strength and confidence to succeed against its rival competitors. Not only is positioning integral to the strategic success of the supermarket giants. It was Wal-Marts massive buying power which ultimately enabled Asda to become the second highest retailer in the market, usurping Sainsbury’s in 2003 from its number two spot. Another key area of its successes however grew out of its ability to offer a range of non-food items, such as clothing and kitchen ware. By expanding and diversifying its products in this way it was able to increase its overall market power. In 2002 Asda’s Chief Executive Tony DeNuzio confirmed, â€Å"two thousand lines have been sourced jointly with Wal-Mart and these delivered prices unheard of in the UK market.[2] Similarly Sainsbury’s business success came under threat several years ago when its market position was threatened and eventually commandeered by Asda. It needed to increase its competitive advantage quickly and one of the main ways it achieved this was by expanding and improving its own internal communications systems. Following the decline in sales and competitive defeat to Asda it responded by initiating the Making Sainsbury’s Great Again strategy. A significant four year recovery plan which included terminating the outsourced contracting of its IT infrastructure to the company Accenture. It shifted instead to the development of its own in-house IT systems saving the company millions of pounds.[3] This internal efficiency was further enhanced in 2006 when Sainsbury’s introduced new schemes such as Try Something New Today’ which became their motto for both customers and employees with a new emphasis on training and development and colleague communication . The supermarket chain also introduced a comprehensive monthly employee survey, called Talkback providing them with an indication of the level of staff satisfaction and quality of overall service being provided to the customers. During the same year Sainsbury’s launched an apprenticeship scheme for qualifying its in-house bakers, together with a leadership scheme for its branch and regional managers, designed to improve the level of quality of its management team, in addition to empowering its own staff. A combination of new stores, new lines and internal enhancement enabled Sainsbury’s to increase their profits significantly over the last few years. In 2008 these have been confirmed as  £488 million, before tax. A rise of  £108 million compared to 2007. And an overwhelming profit increase of  £380 million for Sainsbury’s since 2006.[4] All of the factors relating to market position, market power and internal efficiency can determine the strategic effectiveness of a successful supermarket giant in terms of how they inter-relate and require shifting or reviewing depending on the situation and motivation for change. What have been the marketing strategies of supermarkets? Evaluate these strategies. Marketing Strategies appear to be progressing away from the traditional 4Ps of Product, Place, Price and Promotion as Marketing is beginning to become more about the relationship of the public to the organization itself. Markets are now so competitive that more innovative ways of attracting customers is becoming key to remaining successful. Perhaps one of the best examples of a successful marketing strategy in order to maintain its existing customer focus, in addition to gaining more direct information about them as individuals, is through Tesco’s Clubcard scheme. This scheme has enabled Tesco to create a retail strategy, to determine their customers and which market these customers fit into as well as what they are looking for from a supermarket.[5] Similarly its computers for school voucher scheme turned shopping into a means of providing equipment for schools, maintained loyalty amongst families with children, raising their profile as a community conscious organization. Asda’s marketing strategy has always focused heavily on value. In 2006 it developed a new  £45 million marketing strategy which killed off their â€Å"always low prices slogan. A whole new approach to marketing its products now fell under the umbrella of more for you for less, This was a result of Asda’s market share decreasing to 16.7% and a recognition of Sainsbury’s recovery success. Asda also wanted to accentuate the quality and freshness of its food and drink, as the low price concept had begun to have less and less impact on its customers. It invested an enormous  £45 million advertising campaign using celebrities and even abandoned the familiar reassuring ‘Asda Price’ jingle. [6] In 2007, still reeling from the repercussions of its multi-million takeover bid of Safeway Superstores Morrison’s decided to revamp its image and market itself in a completely new way. It changed its logo and introduced the new strapline â€Å"The food sp ecialist for everyone.† In a similar way to Asda, Morrison’s made the decision to move away from the budget concept and value of lower costing food towards an angle that emphasized the quality of its products; where they came from and how they were packaged and presented. [7] This immediately followed a particularly controversial period for Morrison’s who were the first stock exchange company to post their results after the charity Christian Aid announced it would actively expose and campaign against industries that were seen to be abusing the environment.[8] It therefore becomes fairly apparent from these few recent examples that many of the major supermarkets are focusing their marketing strategies around the current political climate of the country, alongside the ever fluctuating expectations of its consumers. Comparatively the supermarket chain Waitrose has consistently delivered a reputation for stocking quality products, that are fair trade and organic. With the contentious strapline ‘honestly priced’ Waitrose focuses specifically on food and drink and has not diversified its products in line with the other major supermarkets. It has a very different socio-economic demographic for its market and their approach differs from other supermarkets in that they are all about brand loyalty. It has an account card like many other stores but chooses not to promote it. Rewards include concert tickets or selected food items, again emphasizing its overall different audience. The same audience who utilisie the John Lewis brand, the controlling arm of the supermarket. And most importantly of all the Waitrose profits are ploughed directly back into the pockets of its employees, maintaining a holistic enterprise with a fair, honest and high profile image. To what extent should supermarkets take into account ethics and corporate social responsibility when designing their competitive strategies and their relationship with suppliers? Do these responsibilities extend to protecting local communities and convenience stores? How should environmental questions be accounted for? By way of suppliers it is fair to assume from the media attention received that UK farmers are often seen to be suffering the effects of the considerable pressures put upon them to deliver high quality for lower prices, in addition to smaller grocers who find it continuously difficult to compete against the costs implemented by the supermarkets. The long-term impacts of battles between grocers and now non-food retail companies in the wake of the growth in expansion of supermarkets in new product areas, indicates that local based shopping facilities could decline further in future years. In response to the seemingly unending expansion and development of supermarkets across the UK, with smaller convenience stores moving into small towns and villages the Office of Fair Trading, (OFT) published the findings of an investigation into Britain’s four largest supermarkets, Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s and Morrisons. Primarily based on how they treated suppliers. The report discovered no issues with the relationship overall and the conclusion was positive. However, since these outcomes were made public there remains an ongoing observation of practices by supermarkets nationally and an increasing profile with regard to the social and environmental responsibilities these hugely powerful, profit hungry enterprises have become in recent years. Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR has become of significant importance to supermarkets, with some responding at higher levels than others. Marks and Spencer have introduced a five year eco strategy aiming to proactively tackle issues including climate change, waste reduction and ethical trading. And Sainsbury’s Active Kids initiative, allowing the 80% of all UK registered schools to redeem vouchers for sports equipment. Donating a generous  £7 million of their own profits towards the campaign. [9] However this does not take into account the lack of co-operation by the larger supermarkets to help prevent cheap alcohol binge drinking. Frank Soodeen the Communications Director for Alcohol Concern stated earlier this year that ‘Supermarkets have a responsibility to price alcohol realistically†¦This is not an ordinary product and continuing to cynically market it below cost in order to increase footfall increases the risk to the public health†¦In the current climate of social and environmental awareness, a tough policy for corporate social responsibility (CSR) is worth its weight in gold.’ [10] Asda has since become the first supermarket to remove all of its super strength canned beers and lagers. In addition it has taken forward a new proof of age scheme titled Challenge 25. Customers who purchase alcohol must now produce some form of identification if they appear to look younger than twenty five. Furthermore the Federation of Small Businesses claims around 2,000 independent retailers go out of business each year. Supermarkets selling items with no mark-up are subsequently pushing all other smaller independent traders out of business as they simply cannot compete. Fair trade is an ongoing concern, with cheap labour in foreign countries enabling the retail trade to adopt low cost prices through exploitation. Earlier this year Martin Hearson from the campaigns organization Labour Behind The Label was quoted as reiterating ‘In theory, all the main supermarkets are committed to this but in practice, we have seen very little ethics to live up to the promise to pay workers a living wage’[11] It is abundantly apparent that supermarkets play a significant role in CSR issues and have a responsibility to maintain a level of standards across a number of areas that impact on both local communities and larger global matters. Tesco recently published their own Corporate Social Responsibility policy, which can be found on their website accompanied by the following statement ‘Our Corporate Social Responsibility policy objective is to earn the trust of our customers by acting responsibly in the communities we serve. We recognise our impact on society at all levels and work to maximise the benefits we bring. Customers are at the heart of everything we do. CSR is good for our business and good for the communities where we operate. By building goodwill and trust with our customers, we can earn their lifetime loyalty, which is our core purpose.’[12] To what extent is it inevitable that local convenience stores will decline? Are there feasible strategic or marketing responses available to them? The University of Southampton having been carrying out research around the reaction of consumers to the take over and demise of the local convenience store. The impact on communities who had recently been party to the addition of a Tesco Express in their local town or village within four different geographical areas of Hampshire were analysed over a period of one year providing the following conclusions Many citizens moved away from travelling to the distant out of town supermarkets, preferring to use not only the local Tesco Express, but other local shops as well. The return of out of town shoppers brought about by the inclusion of a smaller Tesco actually encouraged the concentration of increased local shopping trends, rather than having a detrimental effect on the community. In response to the findings the research team leader Professor Wrigley commented â€Å"It is clear that the introduction of the Tesco Express format to these communities helped bring about a major re-localisation of top-up shopping – away from distant superstores towards local shops. If consumers can access the same quality of fresh food and product ranges locally as they do in larger supermarkets, then increasingly it seems they will divert their top-up shopping back into their local neighborhood. This may have potential benefits for other traders, but more interestingly has considerable significance in changing the way we shop – with more people walking and cycling to stores.’[13] This conclusive positive influence of supermarket chain presence in local environments is reflected less positively in a topical piece of correspondence from The Executive Chairman for the Association of Convenience Stores to the Inquiry Secretary of the Groceries Market Investigation Competition Commission in 2007. The letter documents an investigative outcome of Costcutter stores nationwide. Whereas the commission had found there to be no decline in the general consumer use of Costcutters. The outcomes of the evidence provided by the Association of Convenience stores details a very different picture altogether, noting ‘The case: IGD I William Reed reports a decline of 5000 stores between the years of 2000 to 2006, and the decline of independents added to symbol group independents has declined by 4,611 stores in the same time period.’ The correspondence goes on to claim that a significant number of independent retailers are closing regularly across the country. And those that have remained successful have been subjected to takeover bids by Tesco or Sainsbury’s. An example of one Tesco store opening in a market town in Yorkshire, demonstrated that the existing Costcutter nearby received a turnover of a 50% decrease.[14] Although it is clear that supermarkets are not able to meet all grocery shopping needs as more local convenience stores fall into decline, less choice will be available to the consumer. In addition minority groups and those unable to access large super stores out of town, who would ordinarily have completed their shopping locally are now being forced into taking the cheaper option the presence of a smaller convenience Tesco Metro or Sainsbury’s central provides, making the audience for independent and convenience retailers even narrower. How might suppliers respond to the pressure they face? Suppliers are consistently left with fewer choices in terms of providing produce at an economic level consistent with continued growth resulting from the lack of profit made impossible from value Supermarket trading. Not only are they reduced to having to cut their costs, but they are under pressure in other areas like having to accept longer payment plans and cut prices sometimes even further by having to contribute to special supermarket promotional activity. [15] One of the options remaining is for suppliers to consider moving their industries abroad or carrying out more overseas trading. Alternatively by changing their products to meet the demanding needs of consumers to be greener, more organic and free range and finding new ways in which production costs can be consequently reduced in the process to impart better profits would be advantageous. Adapting to new methods of meeting the demands of the supermarkets are a continued necessity for suppliers to survive in the current market. Some suppliers may end up trading overseas, with the supermarkets forced to then buy the same product abroad at a higher cost, but with the profits going back into the pockets of the supplier. This will have a consequent knock-on effect to how all global supply and demand is met in the future. Alternatively the creation of Stockless centres through an enhanced supermarket internet home delivery service would enable goods to transfer directly from the supplier to the consumer door-to-door with no over-head costs. This would help reduce any transportation or logistic costs or financial implications incurred by the suppliers. Some supermarkets are now co-operating at a much more intensive level with their suppliers by recruiting specialists employed to work directly as a point of liaison to collaborate with the supplier in specific matters relating to the quality of the product they are providing, as well as financial advice and support with storage, refrigeration and logistical problems. [16]There is perhaps potential then to increase this level of support and develop a closer working relationship between retailer and supplier in order that both are satisfied. Bibliography Ebrahimi, H, 14 May 2006, Financial Daily Mail article ‘Britain’s top competition watchdog has said it is ready to see small suppliers squeezed out of business by powerful supermarkets so long as savings are passed on to consumers’ Gummesson, E (1999) Total Relationship Marketing: From the 4Ps Product, Price, Promotion, Place of Traditional Marketing Management to the 30Rs the Thirty Relationships of the New Marketing Paradigm: Butterworth-Heinemann Juniper.T, April 24, 2006 ‘A not so super market’, Guardian Newspaper Knights, D, and Wilmott, H (2000) The Reengineering Revolution? : Critical Studies of Corporate Change: Sage Knights, M (2005) ‘Sainsburys calls time on IT outsourcing contract’, Computing magazine University of Southamption press release, 03 November 2005, ‘Consumers Respond to transformation in UK Convenience Store Sector’, ref 05/191 Letter from Colin Graves to Tim Oyler, 23 November 2007 http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/inquiries/ref2006/grocery/pdf/responses_prov_findings_main_party_costcutter.pdf, Date accessed 12/09/08 (2002) ‘Asda fuelled by Wal-Mart power Food Retailing’, Eurofood article 7 March, 2006, ‘Asda plans marketing revamp’, Yorkshire Regional Development Agency article www.retail-vision.co.uk http://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/overview/groupperformance.shtml/ Chairman’s statement (2008) http://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar08/chairman/index.shtml, Date accessed 10/09/08 1 Footnotes [1] Juniper.T, April 24, 2006 ‘A not so super market’, Guardian Newspaper [2] (2002) ‘Asda fuelled by Wal-Mart power Food Retailing’, Eurofood article [3] Knights,M (2005) ‘Sainsburys calls time on IT outsourcing contract’, Computing magazine [4] http://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar06/overview/groupperformance.shtml/ Chairman’s statement (2008) http://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar08/chairman/index.shtml, Date accessed 10/09/08 [5] www.retail-vision.co.uk [6] 7 March, 2006, ‘Asda plans marketing revamp’, Yorkshire Regional Development Agency article [7] Johnson, B (2007) ‘Morrisons has sterling strategy’, Advertising Marketing article [8] Johnson, B (2007) ‘Morrisons has sterling strategy’, Advertising Marketing article [9] http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/cr2005/index.asp?pageid=90 [10] Gough,V, 04 July 2008, Article from mycustomer.com, http://www.mycustomer.com/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=133794u=pndm=phnd, Date accessed13/09/08 [11] Gough,V, 04 July 2008, Article from mycustomer.com, http://www.mycustomer.com/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=133794u=pndm=phnd, Date accessed13/09/08 [12] http://www.tesco.ie/csr/index.html, Date accessed 13/09/08 [13] University of Southamption press release, 03 November 2005, ‘Consumers Respond to transformation in UK Convinience Store Sector’, ref 05/191 [14] Letter from Colin Graves to Tim Oyler, 23 November 2007 http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/inquiries/ref2006/grocery/pdf/responses_prov_findings_main_party_costcutter.pdf, Date accessed 12/09/08 [15] Ebrahimi,H, 14 May 2006, Financial Daily Mail article ‘Britain’s top competition watchdog has said it is ready to see small suppliers squeezed out of business by powerful supermarkets so long as savings are passed on to consumers’ [16] Knights, D, and Wilmott, H (2000) The Reengineering Revolution?: Critical Studies of Corporate Change : Sage