The Great Purge Of The Cold War - 1658 Words

Joseph Stalin’s determination greatly affected his leadership and led to the beginnings of the Cold War. His determination allowed him to rise to power and destroy all opposition against his reign. The Great Purge, one of the greatest terrors in history, was also done due to his determination to stay in power. This same determination led to, as well as shaped, a large quantity of the events of World War 2. His leadership was similar to the leadership of Adolf Hitler, yet because of his determination, was quite different, and quite possibly more effective. In the end his determination for power led to the events of the Cold War. This determination greatly affected Stalin’s rise to power, and allowed him to completely decimate all opposition to his leadership. Originally, Stalin was a powerless citizen of the USSR, yet he managed to quickly rise to the top of the political field. He began his role in politics by joining the Bolsheviks in 1903. Due to his thirst for power he steadily rose through the ranks of the party and was soon the General Secretary. The Bolshevik insurrection to Russian leadership was successful and placed Stalin in a position of great power. He then used his power to isolate members of the party in an attempt to take away their power and popularity. Determined to gain absolute dominance over the other members, he caused the dismissal, and possibly the deaths, of several of his political opponents. This left him in total rule over the Communist party,Show MoreRelatedExplain the Methods Taken by Stalin to Transform the Soviet Union in the Period 1924-19391491 Words   |  6 Pagest o maintain his position as dictator of the Soviet Union he deployed many atrocious methods, mainly repression of the people. Methods he undertook were; institutionalised terror which found expression in the purges, thus introducing the idea of ‘class enemies’ or ‘class war’. Through purges Stalin transformed the social fabric of the USSR by eliminating his main political enemies. As the unchallenged dictator and controller of state, Stalin also abandoned many policies including the NEP and in itsRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of The Communist Party1530 Words   |  7 Pagesare the Communist party and Cold War, are Joseph Stalin and Mikhail Gorbachev. Both, who were born peasants, rose up the social ladder to greatness one wrung at the time. While both were radical political and economic reformers who truly left their marks on history, their policies were antipodal at best. Gorbachev was the frigid water to Stalin’s roaring fire. Stalin’s goal was to modernize and militarize Russia, and also close it to the world, thus beginning the Cold War(Stalin). Gorbachev’s careerRead MoreStalin s Leader Of The Soviet Union Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesbecame one of Lenin s top leaders. When he was in his 30s, he took the name Stalin, from the Russian for man of steel. In 1906, Stalin married Ekaterina Svanidze. The couple had one son, Yakov 1907-1943 who died as a prisoner in Germany during World War II. Ekaterina died from typhus when her son was an infant. In 1918 Stalin married Nadezhda Alliluyeva, the daughter of a Russian revolutionary. They had two children, a boy and a girl. Nadezhda committed suicide in her early 30s. In 1917, the RussianRead MoreThe During Post Wwii Era972 Words   |  4 Pagesactivisms at that time, like Manning Marable suggests in his Race, Reform, and Rebellion, historians rarely discuss the black movement of the post-war and cold war period (Marable, 17). In this paper, I would like to discover the merits and weaknesses of the movements in 1940 to 1960, and figuring why they are being overlooked. First of all, World War II reminded Americans that they were being hypocritical that while they were fighting Fascism, racial discrimination was happening in their own backyardRead MoreInside a Totalitarian Regime: Key features of Stalinism Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic policy was characterized by a rupture with Lenin’s quasi-capitalist New Economic Policy. The need to protect the Union from eventual capitalist and imperialist wars necessitated the creation of a self-sufficient industry and agriculture freed from the constraints of the market. The industrial policy resembled that of a war economy focused on heavy industries such as steel, weapons and the industrial centers were relocated in remote areas such as the Urals and Siberia, rich in natural resourcesRead MoreThe Cold War Between East And West From The End Of The Ussr Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages From 1948 to 1991 countless anti-communist films were made, dominating the stage of transnational politics and geostrategic affairs between East and West from the beginning to the end of the USSR. The Cold War would impose an atmosphere bursting with tension on the world film production arena. The main tense issues that prevailed included but were not limited to: Communist expansionism, American Imperialism, an arms race including a nuclear menace, the subjugation of space, and the infamous intelligenceRead MoreRussi An Extraordinary Outburst Of Social And Cultural Change877 Words   |  4 PagesRussia has been around for a long time and has evolved over the years. Their ability to adapt to their environment as a country and, essentially, become a powerhouse in the world, is a great feat in itself. Over time Russia developed their social climate, economic system, military power and efficiency, as well as infrastructure. Today, I will be discussing how their military, political vi ews, economics, social views, infrastructure and physical environment all relate together and has enhancedRead MoreQuestions About the Cold War: Responses and Conceptions1047 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Cold War Introduction Right after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, and after Hitlers Nazi regime had been defeated, there was a struggle between the U.S. (and democratic allies of the U.S.) and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the post-WWII world. This struggle was called the Cold War, and it entailed many events and a great deal of tension between the forces of communism and those of democracy. American diplomat George Kennan explained that the Soviet Union was †¦a politicalRead MoreWorld War I And The Era Of The Twentieth Century Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesUnion, an important superpower of the twentieth century, saw a rise of nationalism while trying to expand the idea of communism worldwide. In Nazi Germany, Nazism represented an extreme form of nationalism. Italian nationalism became apparent in World War I and the era of Italian fascism. Growing nationalism in China was used to modernize imperialist encroachment. Imperial Japan saw a spark of nationalism during their weste rnization period. Arab Nationalism became the basis for alienation and loss ofRead MoreThe Causes Of The Soviet Union703 Words   |  3 PagesEconomic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenins death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin committed

Should Being Unhappy Be A Good Thing - 1460 Words

Mingyang Chen Sarah Perkins English 1A Final Draft Dec. 12 2015 Can Being â€Å"Unhappy† be a Good Thing? In This Boy’s Life written by Tobias Wolff, we follow the stories of people who choose to surrender to their unhappy circumstances and all they can do is hope things change without them actually putting work into it (Wolff). However, Wolff’s work triggers the question, â€Å"can being unhappy be a good thing?† Every individual has a desire to achieve a state of happiness, they wish to be happy even they live very hard. From a very young age, young boys and girls are told to work hard in school if they want to eventually live a happy life, without contextualizing that happiness is an abstract concept. We live in a world that everyone is in are†¦show more content†¦Brooks uses the example of how one is quick to picture future happiness, but when they think of their past, they hardly remember what happy events they have gone through; what sticks out in the past is pain or suffering. They remember the differen t feelings between happiness and suffering. The example of Oxford’s reading is relatively more complex, he uses the example of hard workers who have served the company for a long time, but when times get tough, sometimes layoffs may be inevitable. What stands out here is the fact that whatever impression of happiness one might be under, it is very likely that it is temporary. As much as people strive to be happy, â€Å"We live in a culture awash in talk about happiness. In one three-month period last year, more than 1,000 books were released on Amazon on that subject† (Brooks), putting happiness as the central focus of their existence would be basically setting themselves up for failure. The abstract nature of happiness makes it very relative and varies amongst individuals, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to narrow down a perfect recipe for happiness. Furthermore, there is a lot to be learnt from challenges, mistakes, suffering etc. as a result, we can reap a lot from these experiences, and all the things that are considered to be the opposite of happiness. In both articles, one thing is clear, when one person goes through trying times, they will gain

My essay, “The Long Road to Opportunity” Free Essays

My essay, â€Å"The Long Road to Opportunity,† is designed to convey details about my childhood in Mexico to the reader. By using real anecdotes from my past, I attempt to show the reader my hunger for knowledge and the obstacles I had to overcome to achieve my goals.  I believe the strongest points in the essay are my thesis, which sets the reader up for the general theme of the essay to follow, and my examples of my father’s deeply held beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on My essay, â€Å"The Long Road to Opportunity† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Citing examples of specific things he said or did illustrates why it was difficult for me to act against his wishes. I also believe my essay has a good, natural flow. It begins with a broad look at the main idea, and then works through the story in chronological order, culminating in the present. I feel that the information on Mexican culture also works well.  One weakness of the essay would be that it is difficult to tell a detailed story in such a short space. Ideas and stories must be condensed in order to cover all of the main points I wish to address. With more space, I could develop each anecdote more completely, and do a better job of showing rather than telling. â€Å"The Long Road to Opportunity† When I was five years old I knew I would one day go to school and become an engineer. The road to where I am today has been long and difficult. I was born and raised in a small rural town where the most important activity in life was the harvest of the fields. Agriculture played an important and central role in everyone’s lives; everything else was seen as secondary and a waste of time. An interest in going to school was seen as an excuse to avoid responsibilities on the family farm. My father held these beliefs sacred, and as such proved to be a formidable opponent in my quest for education. I grew up the youngest of my eight siblings in a town called Dolores Hidalgo in Guanajuato, Mexico. My father farmed over 600 acres of land, divided into two parts; one part was used to raise cattle and the other part to grow corn and beans. My father believed that after God and family, the most important thing was the land. He believed a person’s character was manifested in his harvest. If one loved and respected nature, She would return that love and respect with an excellent harvest. Growing up on the farm, I enjoyed working in the fields and tending to the cattle. However, my first love was school. My father didn’t understand the passion I had for learning. When I was 4 years old, my father sent me to school with my sister Maria, who was six years old and scheduled to start first grade. My dad did not want my sister to walk to school by herself. When I got there, the teacher, Mr. Mendez, allowed me to sit in the classroom alongside my sister. After four weeks of classes, Mr. Mendez asked my father to visit the school. I was so scared Mr. Mendez was going to tell my dad that I could not go to school with Maria. When my father arrived at the school, Mr. Mendez advised him that I was the best student in his class and that he was going to speak to the principal about formally accepting me into school. My dad, who appeared to be in shock, was not happy with the news. He told the teacher the only reason I was sent to school was to escort my sister. He further stated that school would take away from my chores around the farm. I begged my dad to allow me to go. Furthermore, I promised to get up early and tend to the cattle before school and to continue with the farm work upon returning home in the afternoon. To my surprise, my father finally gave in. I was the happiest boy on earth – I would have access to more books. However, it never got easier. Every year for the first six years was a constant battle with my dad. My father believed the only persons that should attend school were the ones willing to serve God as a priest or nun. People living on farms should dedicate themselves to taking care of the land, he said. He claimed that previous generations of our people had all been farmers and had lived well without the need for proper education. Rural schools have been an important part of Guanajuato since the beginning of the rural school program. In these schools, teachers put an emphasis on the concept of nationalism to ensure that all students have a strong sense of what it means to be Mexican. In the classrooms, teachers become valuable resources for students, making them think more deeply about their identities and examine their culture. In class, Mr. Mendez would tell stories about the post-revolution decline in education throughout the country, caused by the conflicts and insecurity of the time. The influence on rural education was very important because it was the center of cultural life in the 1920s and 1930s. Rural education could be seen as a legitimate byproduct of the Mexican Revolution, allowing social justice programs to spread throughout all corners of the country. Rural schools began with the premise that through education, people would learn to How to cite My essay, â€Å"The Long Road to Opportunity†, Essay examples

Project Management The Wellness Centre

Questions: Managers at The Wellness Centre selected Anthony Jobs as the project manager for the Recreational Intranet Project. The schedule goal is six months and the budget is RM250,000.Anthony had previous project management and system analysis experience within the company, he was an avid sports enthusiast.Anthony was starting to put the project team together and he knew that he would have to develop a survey to solicit input from all employees about this new system and make sure it was user-friendly.a) Identify and discuss the range of skills essential for Anthony Jobs to lead a team and complete the project successfully. b) What to do consider to be current issues facing project managers within the above said organization and provide some examples of solutions current issues involved. c) Critically discuss the increasing importance if project management for innovation and change on the Recreational Intranet Project. Answers: Introduction According to Turner (2012), it is one of the application of skills, knowledge, techniques, etc that effectively and efficiently execute the projects. From the point of view of business, project management allows the organization in achieving core competency via attaining the goals of business. This study describes the required skills for a project manager in order to complete the project. However, this study is conducts project management skills of a project manager in a particular organization Wellness Centre. A) Identification and Discussion the range of essential skills for Anthony Jobs to lead a team and complete the project successfully In order to complete the project successfully for Wellness Centre, following are the essential skills for Anthony Jobs Communication: It is the most important skills for each project regarding project manager. Clear communication helps in motivating team efficiently. Both written and verbal communications skills allow the project manager in representing the expectation to over team. Confidence: Confidence makes the ability of a good team leader. Confident of the project manager helps in securing the decision making process during the project. Dalcher (2011) suggested that self-confidence project manager allows in reassuring his or her authority within the project. Fair: In order to complete the project, project manager have to treat with their member fairly. Through the integrity gain, project manager has to build trust over their team member. Influential: This helps project manager in inspiring their team member to meet the goals and objectives of the project. Influential project manager helps in managing changes the workplace. Negotiation: Negotiation skills are also important in order to complete the project successfully. Negotiation skill allows the project manager in understanding the current event of ongoing project of a conflict workplace (Doloi, 2011). Negotiation skill also allows the project manager in streamlining decision-making process that easily resolves the issues of problems. B) Current issues facing by the project managers in Wellness Centre and Solution The main issues that faced by the project managers Anthony Jobs within the Wellness Centre are Lack of Accountability: Gladden (2011) argued that the qualities of leadership are really shines when the member of the team within a project takes proper responsibility according to their role. Apart from, that majority of project is succeeding due to good motivational skills of team leader. On the other hand, Hllgren (2012) suggested that team member are the key person of achieving success of a project. However, within the taken project at Wellness Centre, Anthony Jobs mainly faces the issue named lack of accountability. In this project, lack of accountability brings the complete halt. In the ongoing project of Wellness Centre, Anthony Jobs faces the issues of finger pointing and avoiding blame. This was unpredictable. Anthony Jobs was unable to direct his team members towards achieving the goal of the project (Journal, 2013). Apart from that, the training staffs of the current project of Wellness Centre was not showed their activities in providing training that improves skills and knowledge of team member towards achieving project goals. Dependencies: It was also another important issue for project managers within the taken project of Wellness Centre. In order to achieve success within a project dependencies rely on the centre. Due to lack of time and multiple work for Anthony Jobs, he was not able to go to the team member individually and got status of ongoing project (Kodukula, 2011). As a result, lack of information was hidden to Anthony Jobs that takes long time to complete the project successfully. Scheduling: The team member of the project was not properly understood about the dependencies. Therefore, they face difficulties in setting the correct scheduling according to the requirement. Administrative Tasks: After start the project, it first time overwhelmed due to lack of associated task of administration (Mastrofini, 2013). Solutions In order to solve the above problems that faced by the project managers at workplace of Wellness Centre following structural methods has to use Ensure Root Cause Analysis: In order to solve the problems, need to analysis the root cause of problems (Throndson et al., 2012). Project Manager is able to solve the problem after understanding the root cause. It helps in identifying appropriate reason of the cause. Demystifies the problem solving Process: It is also another step of solving problem. Project manager have to understand the method of work of all participants within the project. This process helps in identifying contribution of team member individually. Meng (2012) suggested that it is the drives of solving problems within a project. C) Critical discussion of the increasing importance if the project management for change and innovation on the Recreational Intranet Project From the point of view of innovation and change on the Recreational Intranet Project, importance of project management is increased regarding efficiency, flexibility as well as human focused. The project managers with the excellent project team are able to make more efficient project regarding change and innovation of an existing project (Morris, 2013). In order to make innovative and change the project, staffs along with the excellent member takes the total responsibility in implementing successful changes as well as evaluating the project result with practical life cycle. Apart from that, project management with excellent leadership perfectly combines changing circumstance and structured if the project. Minelle (2013) stated that project managers spend lot of time in ensuring the successful changes and make the innovation for project. The project managers take the responsibilities according to the requirements of project regarding change and innovation. Apart from that, project man agement rely the greater communication with proper discipline that emphasizes the successful changes and innovation in project. Conclusion This study represented the method of successful project management within the organizational project of Wellness Centre that is Recreational Intranet Project. In the first phase of this study, analyst described the factors that help in managing project successfully by the project managers and achieve goal of the project. Apart from that, identify the issues that faces by the project managers within the recreational intranet project and explained the solution of that project. At the last phase, analyst displayed the increase importance of project management for change and innovation in recreational intranet project. Reference List Dalcher, D. (2011). The Oxford handbook of project management.Project Management Journal, 42(5), pp.93-93. Doloi, H. (2011). Understanding stakeholders' perspective of cost estimation in project management.International Journal of Project Management, 29(5), pp.622-636. Gladden, R. (2011). Project-oriented leadership.Project Management Journal, 42(4), pp.107-107. Hllgren, M. (2012). The construction of research questions in project management.International Journal of Project Management, 30(7), pp.804-816. Journal, P. (2013).Agile Project Management. Hoboken: Wiley. Kodukula, P. (2011). Complexity theory and project management.Project Management Journal, 42(5), pp.92-92. Mastrofini, E. (2013). Project management template / Project management facile con le mappe mentali.PROJECT MANAGER (IL), (16), pp.47-47. Meng, X. (2012). The effect of relationship management on project performance in construction.International Journal of Project Management, 30(2), pp.188-198. Minelle, F. (2013). Quale project management per la Ricerca?.PROJECT MANAGER (IL), (16), pp.5-5. Morris, P. (2013).Reconstructing project management. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. Throndson, K., Davis, V., Bohn, W., Walton, L. and Bergner, T. (2012). N022 The 2C ECG Project: Identifying Factors That Influence Nurses Confidence and Competence With ECG Monitoring.Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 28(5), p.S427. Turner, R. (2012). International Journal of Project Management, Editorial January 2012.International Journal of Project Management, 30(1), p.1.

The Book Thief Maxs Books free essay sample

The Book Thief critical essay Tallus Gibson Liesel acquires many books throughout living in Molching with the Hubberman’s but three that stick out are Mein Kampf, The stand over man and The Word Shaker. These three stuck out because they represent so much to her behind the actual words in the books. They are metaphors for Max and how important kind words are for combatting hateful ones. Just like Hitler said he would rule the world with his words, Liesel defends herself and max with the same words. As Liesel is helping Max to hide from the Nazi’s, Max is in turn helping Liesel realize the importance of words. The stand over man is a book that Max wrote for Liesel using the blank pages of Mein Kampf. These two books use juxtaposition to help shield max from the Nazis as well as connect Max and Liesel in a better way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Book Thief Maxs Books or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mein Kampf is a book written by Hitler, which is a metaphor for the world that they live in; Hitler has made the words in his book come true. The Hubbermans come up with a brilliant plan to use Mein Kampf as a disguise for max when the Germans check their house. Max hated the book so much that he ripped all of the pages out and wrote his own story on the inside called the stand over man while keeping the important book cover. Mein Kampf means â€Å"My struggle† in German and that’s what the stand over man is about, Max’s struggles and fears in his life. Max knows that Liesel loves books so he thought that communicating to her though writing a book would be the most effective way for Liesel to understand him. The Word shaker is another book that Max has left for Liesel, but this time it’s about Liesel and her way of using them. The word shaker is full of stories and sketches, written and illustrated by Max himself. A word shaker is someone who can use the true power of words to hypnotize or indoctrinate people into believing what you say. Max see’s Liesel as a word shaker because they both knew how powerless a person could be without words. Liesel’s immense compassion for Max is so boundless that it is more powerful than Hitlers hateful words and cruelty. Liesel and Max’s friendship proves that words of sincere love effectively combat the harsh words of Hitler. Mein Kampf, the stand over man and the word shaker all play a very important role in Liesels life and are a metaphor for her and Max’s friendship. In the stand over man and the word shaker Max makes the connection to Liesel clear but in an indirect way; meaning there is more to the books behind the actual words. Markus Zusak, the author of the book thief uses juxtaposition in order to show the integrity of the metaphors in these books. Max may not be the smartest individual but with the help of Liesel has learned so much about words and their importance in the world.

James Hoban Essay Example

James Hoban Essay Example James Hoban Paper James Hoban Paper James Hoban and The White House Is James Hoban the best Irish born architect ever? I will let you decide after you read his story. James Hoban was born in Callan, County Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1758 in a small house. His catholic parents worked as servants in Desart Court which was a grand mansion. Early on in his life he was disadvantaged because of the anti-Catholic Penal law. [1] The law stipulated Hoban was not allowed to go to school but he still managed to go to the Royal Dublin Society where he took architecture classes. Unfortunately, he was not able to land a job in Ireland. When the American revolutionary war ended, he decided to move to the United-States. At first he lived in Charleston, South Carolina where he built the first South Carolina State House and the Charleston Theater. Wanting wanted more opportunities and being able to build something bigger, Hoban decided to move to Philadelphia. As soon as he settled there he put an ad in the paper saying Any gentleman who wishes to build in an elegant style. (Heritage, p. 38). Then he helped build the first Bank of America. He was not fully credited for that project because he had to share it with Samuel Blodgett who helped design it. A major event in James Hoban’s life happened when he met the first American president, George Washington. Having met Washington did not bring anything great to his career until the President got fed up with French architect Enfant. That was good for Hoban’s career because Enfant was supposed to be the one to build the White House but because he was too slow Washington decided to fire him. After firing Enfant, George Washington created a contest to decide who was going to design the White House. Since Washington had met Hoban and liked him, he decided to invite him to take part of the contest. Hoban and 15 other contestants, including Thomas Jefferson, designed what they thought would be the perfect president house. Hoban ended up winning the contest. Washington was not pleased with any of the designs but thought that the one Hoban had drawn was the best. So Hoban started working with the president to design the perfect Presidential House. One of the changes Washington wanted Hoban to make was regarding the size of the house. President Washington wanted a big house. Once they agreed on the drawing, Hoban started the construction. But he had a problem: the basement had already been constructed by Enfant and it was way too big for the house Hoban had designed. [2] He found a solution and was able to build it anyways. Then when the House was almost finished, Washington’s term expired: he never got to live in the White House, even though he had been a big influence in it’s construction. Then President Adams was elected and he liked Hoban so much that he decided to give him a promotion and made him chief architect of the capitol. Then the White House was finally ready to move in. But Adams only stayed there for four months because Thomas Jefferson got elected. One of the first things he did as the President was to fire Hoban and name himself as the chief architect of the capitol. Some people say that it is because he was jealous about Hoban winning the contest, but we will never know. James Hoban was hired back when James Madison became president. And his task would be as big as the first one because he had to re-build the house after the English burned it. At first, Hoban thought he would not have to start from scratch since the base would already be there. But when he went to see the house he realized that he would have to build the whole house once again. Madison knew that he would never be able to live in it so he lost a bit of interest in the project. [3] But when President James Monroe got elected he decided that he wanted to move into the house as soon as possible. He gave Hoban a short deadline to complete the house. Hoban was confident that he could finish building the house before the deadline. That was before Monroe decided to move in the house even before it was completed. Making it even more difficult for Hoban to finish building it but he was finally able to complete it just a bit after the deadline. Within less than a year after the architect finished building the White House, Hoban passed away. He was buried at the St-Patrick Catholic church, which he had helped build. After what you have learned about the history of James Hoban, do you think he is the most important Irish architect ever? First, the White House is the oldest public building in Washington (Thornton). It has been renovated many times but it still has the same base upon which Hoban built it. It still has 2 rooms that have not even been touched since they were built. The White House is one of the most important buildings in the world, since it is the house of the President of the most important country in the world. Not only was James Hoban the White House architect, he encountered a lot of problems during construction. The White house is not the only building he designed. Here is a list of the other buildings he constructed or helped build: Prospect Hill Plantation, First Bank of the United States, McCleery House, The William Seabrook House, Baum-Taft House, Oak Hill, Rossenarra House, The First South Carolina State House, The Charleston Theatre, and St. Patrick’s Church. Probably the second most important building James Hoban helped build was the First Bank of the United-States. One of the reasons why that building rates second is that it still stands today. Most of the other buildings that he constructed or helped build have been demolished today. The Bank of America is something really symbolic because it was the first bank. I hope that this research paper helped you see how great James Hoban was. Personally I think that he was the greatest Irish architect ever. Kelly, Niall. THE MAN WHO BUILT THE WHITE HOUSETWICE. American History 35. 5 (2000): 46. Academic OneFile. [2] Kelly, Niall. THE MAN WHO BUILT THE WHITE HOUSETWICE. American History 35. 5 (2000): 46. Academic OneFile. [3] Kelly, Niall. THE MAN WHO BUILT THE WHITE HOUSETWICE. American History 35. 5 (2000): 46. Academic OneFile.

WEATHER HAZARDS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WEATHER HAZARDS - Research Paper Example In addition, Thunderstorms and high-wind events caused the most injuries and deaths while lightning events caused the least injuries. However, none of the weather hazards caused any damage to crops (Virginia Department of Emergency Management, 2004). It is also evident in the table that Tropical storms and Hurricanes caused a lot of damage to properties and crops in the counties of Maryland. They also caused the most injuries and only one death. The tornados also caused damage to properties and crops, many injuries and four deaths. The ice events and snow, lightning events and thunderstorms and high-wind events also caused many assets and crop damage many injuries and fatalities (Homeland Security and Emergency Management agency, 2013). From the table, it can be seen that also the tropical storms and the hurricanes caused the most damage to crops and properties 333 injuries and nine deaths. Lighting events caused the least damage and only two injuries. Tornadoes, snow and ice events, thunderstorms and high wind events also caused some damage to the property and crops. The snow and ice events caused the most injuries as compared to other weather hazards. It also produced the most number of deaths. The Tornados, thunderstorms, high-wind events, and lightning events did not cause any deaths (Emergency Management agency,

BRIC Emerging Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

BRIC Emerging Markets - Essay Example In line with this, Lopez-Claros (2005) explains that the competitiveness of each nation to compete in the world market is not limited to their ability to maintan exchange rate competitiveness but also the importance of improving their productivitity in order to increase the businesses' return on investment and also improve the aggregate growth among the four countries' economy. As part of increasing the BRICs competitiveness against other countries around the world, enhancing one's knowledge on economic development could empower each nation to positively act upon the challenges associated with the challenges related to FDI and trade, political stability and sustainability in each nation (Lopez-Claros, 2005; Henisz, 2000; Olson, 1996; Bhagwati, 1989). Globalization strongly promotes the practice of free trading around the world. In line with this, balancing the volume of local and foreign trade activities is crucial in terms of maintaining a strong economic growth because allowing the import level of foreign goods to exceed the export level within a country is harmful in terms of the country's economic development (Bhagwati, 1989). Given that a country becomes very dependent on the importation of goods and services, it is likely that the country would experience slow growth and unemployment problem because of the significant decline in the demand for locally manufactured and provided goods and services (Bhagwati, 1989). A great imbalance between the import and export is enough to cause the sudden decrease in the countries' gross domestic product (GDP). (Campos & Coricelli, 2002; Boix, 1999) Political Stability The socio-political stability of Brazil, Russia, India, and China could significantly affect the economic development of each nation (Henisz, 2000) In line with this, several past research studies revealed that the governemnt's ability not to interfere with the private property rights of the businessmen is necessary in terms of maintaining the long-term capital investments necessary to enable the BRICs to experience a rapid economic growth (Henisz, 2000; Olson, 1996). Equally important for the continuous economic growth of BRICs, the government in each nation should develop and implement effective stabilization programs related to taxation, business regulation, and other relevant economic policies that could promote the increase in private investment (Henisz, 2000) aside from intervening on global trade activities like imposing import restrictions and providing export subsidies among others (Bhagwati, 1989). Whenever a new foreign business would enter the country, the government shuld impose a strict entry regulation in order to prevent the incidence of fly-by-night business operators (Djankov et al., 2002). With regards to tax policy, collected tax revenue should be invested in economic activities including the development of infrastructure, improvement in educational services, and investment on new technology in order to create new job opportunity and demand for the local products and services (Lopez-Claros, 2005). All these can be easily achieve

Consumer Protection Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Consumer Protection - Research Proposal Example As a trainee solicitor with Wise and Wise solicitors, I am instructed by my supervisor, Margaret Andrews to interview the company's new client, Mr. Richard Williams and then report my findings back to her. Below is my report which contains two main sections. The first section deals with the items Mr. Williams purchased from Bobby's local garden center and his legal position. The second part, on the other hand, is likewise going to handle those items purchased by our client from Mr. Stanley Robinson. After interviewing our new client Mr. ... For him to carry out this task successfully, he needed some items he could only get from Bobby, his local garden center. At the garden center, he paid for the items by cheque. Among these items was a Venus de Milo Statue, which he decided to take home with him in his car. He arranged for the other items to be delivered later. Incidentally, it emerged later that the Venus de Milo Statue had been sold to another customer and Bobby needed ourBobby'st to take it better the store for a refund of the full price, on the other hand,y, this is not what our client had bargained for. The statue is one of the objects excluded from the laws of price fraud 2 because it does not have a standardized price (Howells & Wilhelmsson, 1997). An object lacking a standard price is referred to as an object of exclusion 3 (Boom & Loos, 2007). Thus to determine the right amount of refund involving an object of exclusion becomes a weighty obligation. But on the other hand, the law provides that society has an obligation to protect the consumer. There is a great assertion that the seller should not deceive the consumer either by concealing any imperfection or suppressing any relevant information about the item being sold (Sadeleer, 2006). In the case of Mr. Williams, there is no blemish in the item itself and thus virtually the consumer has no basis to claim that he has not received what he settled to purchase. Therefore it is my advice to our client that he stays put with the Statue as it is rightfully his (Howells & Wilhelmsson, 1997).

Media Violence and its Effect on Youths

Media Violence and its Effect on Youths Introduction Background of the Study Over the years, researchers have examined the effects of before and after the introduction of media to the community. The constant question which crops up on the effects of media is, will the exposure of youth to media violence cause increased levels of aggression and violent behavior. According to Huesmann (2001), he said that the young adults may behave aggressively if they are exposed to media violence since young. Ones characteristics can be formed when they are young due to the exposure of media such as television, can determine what kind of a person he/ she will grow up to be. Media violence is reputably hard to explain and define. Violence is the act of a threat in harming and hurting where it could end up with life being sacrificed. The exposure towards media violence may arouse the aggressiveness in the behavior of a person. The connection between media violence and aggressiveness is interrelated because whenever there is aggressiveness it can somehow be linked to media violence. How media violence affect youth nowadays is indeed very important in order to have a clearer view of the society because if this matter is not taking seriously eventually violence in youth might contributes to a major portion of the increasing crime rates. Thus, the media indeed plays an important and major role in developing of morals and values of youth. Numerous shooting cases have taken place in schools, colleges and universities all around the world for the past few years. Many innocent lives have been taken due to the aggressiveness in youths. A youth who grew up surrounded by violence may have the tendencies of getting themselves involved in crime and violence at a higher rate compared than those who were not exposed to the media (Huston and Wright, 1997). There are many things around the world will influence a youths behavior, but in this research we will only be focusing on entertainment that is media such as television, wrestling and video games. The reason for researching on this topic is due to the fact that youth nowadays tend to develop characteristics by imitating behaviors from the media. One of the main influences of mass media would be media violence, where the printing and writing of the mass media wont have a big impact, because it is only visual compared to the media which has audio and visual effects at the same time. In many cases, youths tend to develop a violent behavior through media, and violence among youths is growing exponentially. Therefore, this study will focus on the university students perceptions towards media violence and its effects on youth in Malaysia. The specifications of media violence in this study are television, video games, internet games, music videos and music lyrics. Problem Statement This research is trying to find out what is the university students perception towards media violence on youths in Malaysia is because the media has the capability of affecting youths in their development of individual characteristics. The uncontrolled media violence incidents could be the birth of a more violent community and society in the future. Besides that, people may confuse reality by observing violence on media and develop unrealistic fears. It is an undeniable fact that entertainment media plays an important role for the future generations. Take the television for example; it has grown from a black and white small image set to full high definition wide screen. Today, it is a constant companion to most youths. Its influential properties are indeed undeniable, and the effect of media violence on youths is consistent. With parents working most of the time, youths are left alone depending on media as the sole source of entertainment, this of course leads to the youths tending to believe that all the behaviors and results are real and logical. University students can be categorized as youths where youths are generally visual learners because students at the university level is able to visualize the information given whether is it true or not rather than just trust whatever the information given. Visual learners think in pictures rather than in words. At this stage, they learn better visually, and usually would see the big picture first before learning the minor details. Most media nowadays depends a lot on visual effects; this includes media violence as well. The false admiration of heroes or heroines will cause youths to imitate the actions and behaviors from the entertainment source, and apply it in the real world. Youths will draw a quick conclusion and perceive that aggression could solve problems in life directly and generate rewards easily. Definition of the Term Mass media is any medium used to convey mass communication, and the mass media sources, which includes books, newspapers, magazines, radio, movies, television, and internet. It is a fact that mass media has grown by leaps and bounds, and the importance of it has also grown significantly throughout the years. Therefore, the influences in todays society are an unquestionable fact. One of the main influences of mass media would be media violence. Media violence is the visual portrayal of acts of aggression, and the action could be portrayed by anyone or anything, from human beings to animals. In many cases, the highly influenced group would mainly be youths. Such aggression behaviors include damages to properties, verbal abuse, emotional or physical abuse. In an important study carried out in Canada, children were found to have become significantly more aggressive two years after television was introduced to their town for the first time (Kimball and Zabrack, 1986). Children who prefer violent television shows when they are young have been found to be more aggressive later on, and this may be associated with trouble with the law in adulthood (Huesmann, 1986). The increase of violence among youths would reflect the growing numbers in violence among adults as well. This would lead to a crisis in society where violence would wander freely. University students are the future leaders, where the practice of media violence is normal to them could lead the world to an unhealthy trend by using aggressiveness to settle problems instead of using a peaceful way such as negotiation and meetings. Many wars could be waged and innocent citizens could be the victims of the violent world. The foundation behavior of a person is important because how a person grows up really depends a lot from the condition a person being raised up. Purpose of Research The purpose of this research is to find out what are the university students perceptions towards the media violence effects on youth in Malaysia. The research purpose is to analyze media violence on youths in contributing to a negative impact on society. This research also includes about how university students perception about the seriousness of the media violence affecting the younger generation compare to the older generation in this century. Research Questions There are three research questions which will be conducted in this research, they are: What are the university students perceptions towards the media violence effect on youth? Does the media violence affect their lives? What are the impacts of media violence on youths? Theoretical Framework (Social Learning Theory) Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. (Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory, 1977) The social learning theory is considered the most influential theory of learning and development which was proposed by Albert Bandura (1977). In many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning concepts such as observational learning, imitation, and identification. The theory are as follows, people learn by observing the behaviour of others and outcomes of it. Imitation is another direct mechanical reproduction of behaviour and learning can occur without a change in behaviour. Behaviourists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in behaviour. Social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, not necessarily to be shown in their performance. People can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling), this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. The observational learning and modeling process involved are attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. Literature Review The importance of Media In the society nowadays, the media has become an essential need that everyone must have such as food and clothes where is it indeed true that media is playing an important role to play. With advance improvement in the field of science and technology today, the media has become a crucial part in our modern society. Media is a social device in our communication lives. The media can be obtained in everywhere such as newspaper, television, radio, films and internet. The society exposed to media everyday. In fact we seek knowledge through media (Tan, 2009). According to Devrani (2008), the duty of the media is to inform, entertain and also to educate the people in the society. Despite of that, the media help everyone to know what is going on in the world from time to time. Media shape lives and the societys lives will not be complete without media (Devrani, 2008). The medias impact is through psychological and intellectual where the media shape public opinion and help frame the society. The medias information is what we read, listen to and watch (Angel, 2008). According to Adedamola (2009), he explained that the media had always played the leading role in the way we think and do things, he also point out that the idea of perception is the central role of the media. Besides that, media also affects a persons perspectives not only through television but at the same time through radio, newspaper and the internet (Devrani, 2008). A person cannot rely completely with the media because a person has to filter and critically analyze the situation before judging on something. It is also important to know that the media is able to influence our thinking and minds. With this is also explaining the reason why the media is so powerful to manipulate one persons mind (Tan, 2009). In parallel, the media influence the people on making the decision, the product s to buy, questions to ask and choices to make in the daily life (Angel, 2008). It is often use by the leaders to make full usage of the media to influence people and by controlling the media means controlling the flow of the communication among the society. Media Violence It seems like that the violence among children is growing rapidly in our society today. It happen almost every parts of the world but the question still remains a mystery. How do children develop to be so violent? Is violence genetically programmed in them even before they are born? It is possible to ever change their attitude again? In many cases, researchers found that nowadays, the entertainment media plays a powerful role in the formation of values and morals in children. For a variety of reasons, it is now time for a new assessment of what is known scienti?cally about how media violence affects young people and what can be done to mitigate these adverse effects. (C. A. Anderson et al, 2003). In the past few years, there has been an onset of school shootings, and many teenagers had been sacrificed. One of the examples is the Columbine High School massacre in Littleton, Colorado on April 20, 1999, which killed 13 people and wounded 23 others. The incident was committed by two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, which involved imitation of characters of video games. They both committed suicide after the tragedy. In other case, Cho Seung-Hui has been identified as the gunman responsible for the two Virginia Tech attacks that claimed 33 lives to become the deadliest shooting rampage in U.S. history in April 16, 2007. Chos inability to handle stress and the frightening prospect of being turned out into the world of work, finances, responsibilities, and a family, Cho chose to engage in a fantasy where he would be remembered as the savior of the oppressed, the downtrodden, the poor, and the rejected. The panel went further, stating that, His thought processes were so distor ted that he began arguing to himself that his evil plan was actually doing good. His destructive fantasy was now becoming an obsession (The Virginia Tech review panel, 2007). Media violence contributes in making the student to have such evil plan mentality with a heavy heart that this world is so terrible to live anymore. In many situations, it seems that minority groups are usually targeted. The teenagers who kill seem to feel that they are being shunned and made fun of by their fellow classmates. The feeling would soon developed into hatred and revenge, thus sparkle off any undesirable incidents. Some of these tragedies have led to the killers killing themselves at the end in search of peace of mind. Violence (homicide, suicide, and trauma) is a leading cause of death for children, adolescents and young adults, more prevalent than disease, cancer or congenital disorders (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2001). It is possible for those who are naturally aggressive to be the most affected by the media violent while the most vulnerable at the risk of increasing in aggressiveness (Gentile, 2004). Family history and background does contribute to the violence because when the children grow up in the aggressive family tends to behave more aggressive. Television Watching television is also one of the main factors contributing to the media violence on youth. By the time a child is eighteen years old, he or she will witness on television (with average viewing time) 200,000 acts of violence including 40,000 murders (Huston, et al, 1992). Williams (1970) have studied both before and after the television was introduced in a rural village in British Columbia where after two years the introduction of television, the violent incidents had increased by 160 percent. In?uences that promote aggressive behavior in young children can contribute to increasingly aggressive and ultimately violent behavior many years later. Therefore, it is important to recognize factors including media violence that, separately and together, may play a role in these outcomes in childhood (Huesmann Moise, 1998; Tremblay, 2000). In 2001, the Surgeon Generals conclude on youth violence that the media violence rises up youths physically and verbally aggressive behaviour in the short term rather than violent behaviour. According to the National Commission in 1969, television violence encourages violent forms of behavior that they do not propose that television is a primary cause of violence in society but they do propose that it is a causative factor. In 1993, American Psychological Association stated that there is totally no doubt that often watch violence on television are interconnected with increased of aggressive attitudes and increased aggressive behaviour. Other than that, in 1972, the Surgeon Generals Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior has set a television research impact on children. They have come out with the result that the evidence supports, a beginning and uncertain indication of a causal relation between viewing violence on television and aggressive behavior for some children who are prone to be aggressive. In July 2000, the, American Psychological Association, American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, and American Academy of Family Physicians stated with a joint statement that over 1,000 studies point overpoweringly to make a connection in some children between media violence and aggressive behaviour. Video Games and Internet Games Most video games and internet online games nowadays would consist of violence or sexually elements and characteristics on the games to increase sales and popularity. Most of the youths seem to be indulged in the video gaming world until they apply the gaming world into the real life situation. Violent video games can cause people to have more aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and lessen sympathetic, helpful behaviours with peers. (Anderson, 2004; Gentile, 2003). In video game industry, particularly violence in general and sexual violence, the current trend is for gamers to be the bad guys. It creates acting out criminal fantasies in order to earn points for attacking and killing innocent passerby in the game. Even though these games are targeted for mature audiences but it is common and popular to be played by the teenagers. In the recent research about the video gamers by Anderson and Bushman (2001) shows that although the youth who only play the video games just few hours daily would also behave aggressively in the real world. By just playing the video games it can affect the youth negatively. This is a serious fact that cannot be ignored. According to Funk, Flores, Buchman, Germann (1999), the ratings provided by the video-game industry do not match with those provided by other adults and game-playing youngsters. The youngster and the adults totally disagree with the industry that has classified the cartoonlike character in many games as appropriates for general audiences. A study by Anderson et al. (2001), about a 14-year-old boy arguing that he has even killed somebody even though he has been playing video games for many years is indeed correct. Example for the 45-year-old two packets a day cigarette smoker also argues that he still does not have lung cancer. According to Anderson et al., both of them are wrong because their exposure to their respective risk factors of media violence and cigarettes has not unintentionally increased the likelihood of the people around them in future that one day suffers the consequences. Anderson and Dill (2000) also stated that violent video games may be more harmful than violent television and movies because they are interactive, very interesting and require the player to classify with the attacker. Anderson (2000) says, One major concern is the active nature of the learning environment of the video game. The exposures of the video games are potentially more dangerous than the exposure to television violence to ha ve significant effects on aggression and violence. (Anderson and Dill, 2000). In other meaning, playing video games may bring more significant violence effects on youths as they have the opportunities to be in the character and do the task in the games. Music Videos and Music Lyrics According to Waite, Hillbrand, and Foster (1992) says after the removal of Music Television (MTV) show a significant decrease of aggressive behavoiur on a forensic impatient ward. In 2003, Gentile, Linder, Walsh conducted a study on the fifth grade children where the children who watch MTV regularly reported to be involved into more physical fights compare to the children who do not watch MTV regularly. The regular MTV watcher also rated by their teachers is radically more aggressive and less prosocial. Music videos are also concern because these videos are sometimes stuffed with violence. The assumption of attitudes, behaviour and values portrayed in lyrics of the music that influence the young listeners on how to think and react received the most criticism from the public. (Carey, 1969; Christenson Roberts, 1998; Fedler, Hall, Tanzi, 1982; Roberts, Henriksen, Christenson, 1999). The songs and lyrics in the older days is totally different from now and the fact of the youths mind set also have change according to the pace of the society. Other the other hand, a group of mice were trained to run mazes in a high school science-fair experiments in where the group of mice were to put to listen to classical music, hard rock or no music. According to the student who perform the study says that the classical mice became faster in running the maze, whereas the hard rock mice became slower because the hard rock mice is killing each other while none of the classical mice did that (Eaton, 1997; Health, Wealth, Happiness, n.d.). Other than that, according to Rubin, West, and Mitchell (2001) stated that the college students who prefer heavy metal, rap or hip hop music are more aggressive than other students who prefer music such as country and pop where this bring a connection between the types of music youth listen and a broad range of troublesome attitudes and behaviours. The effects of media violence on youths Youths that often expose to the media violence tend not only behave aggressively but are more prone to have attitudes that support violence and aggression as a way of solving conflicts because the youths dun trust people around them and they view the world as a aggressive place. According to New Scientist ( 2007), by the time the average U.S. child starts elementary school he or she will have seen 8,000 murders and 100,00 acts of violence on TV. Besides that, Cyber (2006) says that after 15 years the researchers followed 329 subjects, they found that those who as children were exposed to violent TV shows were much more likely to later be convicted of crime. Researchers also state that, any children from any family regardless of social class or parenting can be affected by media violence. There is no word of escaping in the exposure of media violence because it is widely spread among the society and communities with the world. Girls who watched and expose more than an average amount of violence tended to throw things at their future husbands. In parallel, boys who grew up watching violent TV shows were more likely to be violent with their future wives (Cyber, 2006). Every violent TV show increases a little-bit the chances of a child growing up to behave more aggressively in their life. In the same way after many years looking for accumulated data, the society is now recognizing a relationship between violence in the media and social problems. According to Barry (2002), the one of her study result shows that tracked 700 male and female youths over a seventeen-year period showed a definite relationship between TV viewing habits and acts of aggression and crime in the later life. Barry (2006) also states that the findings of this study help strengthen the link between TV, violence and youths. This shows a relevant result in between the violence is connected with the youths from watching television. Perception of University Students Towards Media Violence and its Effect on Youths Murray (2002) says that media violence is one of the factors in contributing to forming of aggressive and antisocial behavoiur when a young boy becomes a young man. In a study Anderson, Carnagey, and Eubanks (2003) has reported that among 500 university students that violent music and lyrics increased the students aggressive thoughts, behaviours and hostile feelings. There are now good conclusion and practical reasons to expect perception and effects of media violence among the university students. According to Mortimer, 2005 (as cited in Caez, E, 2006) the students thinks that they may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others, they may become more fearful of the world around them, and they may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways towards others. According to Cantor and Harrison (1999), they found out that 138 university students have perceive frightening memories of media images still continued to disturb them after many years. Cantor and Harrison (1999) also states that over 90 percent of the university students have trouble to sleep and phobia in certain situations continued suffer due to the scary experience from images they viewed as a child. In a survey conducted by Gossellin, Guise and Paquette (1977) found out that among 360 university students perceive that the heavy television viewers are more likely to think and mostly believe that the world is a dangerous place and the viewers are not particularly scare of it. This shows that the students were not bothered by the violence around them and do not see there is anything wrong with the violence (Mortimer, 2005, as cited in Caez, E, 2006). In Mortimer, 2001(as cited in Caez, E, 2006) another research also found that the students who are fear of being a victim of violenc e would prefer to carry a weapon with them and has the mentality of behaving aggressively and plan to hurt the people before the people get hurt them. This shows that the universities students have the perception of protecting themselves is important rather than just sit there and wait for protection. Youths Media Violence in Malaysia There have been many reports of youth involved in the rapes, sex crimes, and extortion including stabbing of school childrens. In Malaysia, police statistics on these crimes indicate that they are on the rise (Loh, 2004). This media report arise the sense of panic, curious and anxiety among the citizens. The violence convicted by the youth in Malaysia becomes more serious nowadays. There are eight juveniles are charged in killing a 16 years old student in Seremban (Loh, 2004). In another case reported in The Star in 2004, a mother and her daughter were reportedly raped by two youths who had escaped from a nearby reform school in Jerantut. According to The Star (2010), mention that there is this article back in the year 2002, a 12 years old boy was charged for murdering his tuition teachers 11 years old daughter by hitting her with a hard object. As 12 years old boy, he might not even realize that his action can kill a girl. Other than that, The Star (2009) report that a 17 years old youth was charged in the Juvenile Court by intentionally hitting and attacking a policeman and two Rela officers. Besides that, there is also a 20 years old youth ran amok and stab his father to death while his elder brother with serious injuries in an article in The Star (2010). The Star (2007) review that the Deputy Youth and Sports Minister Datuk Liow Tiong Lai, it is very important for the youth and youngsters to know how to say no to violence at the National Youth Week. The media also hold an important role to play in investigating and reporting on media violence on youth. Moreover, the media is responsible to decrease the causes of crime but not contributing in increasing the media violence in Malaysia. Methodology Introduction Methodology can be explained as an appropriate method use to examine a field of study when conducting a research. Besides that, methodology also ensures that findings are relevant with the research questions in order to have discussion over the results before making a conclusion about the research. In this research, theoretical frameworks will be formed and tested, where as the quantitative research in primary research methods are planned. From there the methodology covers the research approach and preliminary layout of study that consists of the theoretical/conceptual framework, research questions, questionnaire design, statistic methods, analysis and finally with a conclusion. Quantitative Research Quantitative research is a category of research tools used when precise results are needed. The results are expressed in numbers or statistics form. There are two research form of quantitative which are survey questionnaire and content analysis. For this study, the survey questionnaire is designed to collect primary data. This method was chosen because survey questionnaire is more appropriate to be use in this research to find out the university students perception towards media violence and its effect on youths in Malaysia. Furthermore, this survey questioannaire method is not expensive, consuming less time, easy to collect data entry and the questionnaire can be design according to the research questions that at the same time suit to the target respondents mentality. The questionnaire will be printed out and send out to the target respondents for this study. Questionnaire Design The questionnaire is design according to the three research questions of this study. Each and every of the questions in the questionnaire must be able to relate back to the research questions which is about the perception of university students towards media violence and its effect on youths in Malaysia. It is important to know how the university students perceive this situation. Hence, this questionnaire is design to study the opinions, perceptions and experience of them on media violence. Structure of the questionnaire There will be four sections in this questionnaire where the section A consist of the target respondents demographics such as the gender, age, marital status and educational level while section B questions are on the university students perceptions, section C is about the media violence effects and the last section D emphasize on the impact of media violence on youths. Sampling Size The sample size of this research is 100 targeted to university students in Selangor state in Malaysia because there are quite a number of university in this area. All respondents are required to be honest with the answer and respond during the questionnaire is conduct to avoid inaccuracy of data collected. Methodological Limitation In this research study, there were few limitations in conducting this questionnaire survey. Limited time in conducting this survey has leads to the inaccurate of data collection. The small sample size due to time constraint has become one of the obstacles encountered because it is not representing the overall university students in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. In total, 100 questionnaires were distributed, a sum of 99 filled-out with valid responses was returned. Therefore, the effective response rate is 99%. Besides that, existing theories by the western researchers, might not be suitable apply into the Asian context. Findings and Analysis Introduction In this chapter, data collected from questionnaire are being converted into useful information to be interpreted. Findings and analyses are run to addressed the research objectives and answer the research questions. The intention of this chapter is to present the results of the questionnaire, as well as to offer interpretation of the findings and analysis related to the research questions. The findings is divided into three sections. Section A will be an overview of respondents profile. Section B reports the findings and analysis of the University students perception towards the effetcs of media violence on youths while the Section C report about the media violence affects on daily life among the respondents. Section D will be the impact of media violence on youths. The last part of this chapter is about analysis of the findings and comparison of the literature review with the data collected. Section A: Overview of Repondents Profile In total 100 copies of questionnaire has been distributed, total number of collection is 99 copies. This makes the response rate up to 99% of the solid respond from the respondents. There were total 99 were return, 53.5% of the respondents were male and 46.5% were female. With the total of 78 returned, 53.85% of the respondents were male and 46.15% were female. The result of the age population finding

Hamlet :: essays papers

Hamlet Compare and contrast between Hamlet and Laertes William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† is known as the best tragedy play of all times. Each one of the characters has their own unique personality, but some of them are very alike. Hamlet, the main character, and Laertes, one of the other leading roles, are very much alike but at the same time slightly different. Their experiences collide and they both make some decisions, which change their lives forever. Hamlet and Laertes both display impulsive reactions when angered. Both Hamlet’s and Laertes’ fathers were killed. When Laertes discovered that his father’s been murdered he immediately assumes that Claudius is the killer. As a result of his speculation he moves to avenge Polonius’ death. Laertes lines in Act IV Scene 5 provide insight into his mind displaying his desire for revenge at any cost. â€Å"To hell, allegiance! Vows, to the blackest devil! Conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit! I dare damnation. To this point I stand, that both worlds I give to negligence, let come what comes, only I’ll be revenged most thoroughly for my father.† (Act IV Scene 5 lines 136-141) In contrast to Laertes speculation of his father’s killer, Hamlet assumes the individual spying on his conversation with Gertrude is Claudius. â€Å"Nay, I know not. Is it the King?† (Act III Scene 4 line 28). Without thinking, Hamlet automatically thrusts out attempting to kill who he believed was Claudius and actually kills Polonius. Fury and frustration instigate Hamlet’s and Laertes’ indiscreet actions and causes them not to think of the consequences that may follow. Hamlet and Laertes share a different but deep love and concern for Ophelia. Laertes advises her to retain from seeing and being involved with Hamlet because of his social status. He didn’t want her to get her heart broken by Hamlet, since he believed that his marriage would be arranged to someone of his social status, and that he would only use and hurt Ophelia. Hamlet on the other hand, was madly in love with Ophelia but it languishes after she rejects him. Ophelia’s death caused distress in both Hamlet and Laertes and it also made Laertes more hostile towards Hamlet. Association with their families makes Hamlet and Laertes even more similar. The love and respect that they have for their fathers bring them to life threatening situations. Hamlet compares his father to a sun god â€Å"Hyperion† and similarly Laertes highly respects and loves his father Polonius.

History of Circular Saw Essay

Circular Saw- As changes in the economics of the industry occurred, developments in powered machinery began that had an impact on both preparing and assembling. In 1805, Brunel took out a patent for large circular saws particularly associated with veneer cuttingand in 1807 developed the saw further in association with block-making machinery. However, one of the most important developments was not on this scale at all. The small circular saw of up to seven inches diameter, often operated by a treadle, was one of the keys to the success of small-scale furniture makers. This saw enabled makers of cheap furniture to square up, mitre and rabbet cleanly, accurately, and quickly, allowing the frames of cheap carcase work to be simply rebated and nailed. This method of rebating, using a circular saw, was particularly useful for drawer-making which was traditionally a place for using dovetail joints. The advantage of this cheap method was that a dozen drawers could be made in the time it took to merge joint just one. History behind the chair- Thomas Lee was the first to build and found the Adirondack Chair. He made it simply for relaxation for his family members. It was a great success and all his family members really liked the chair. He decided he would show it to a carpenter named Harry Bunnell. Bunnell really liked Lee’s chair and decided that he should start making them more than just for family but for a profit. Without Lee’s knowledge he patented the chair idea and began making his own Adirondack chairs with the same design as Lee’s. It was a big hit around the region and soon in the history of furniture. Originally it was named the Westport chair but then later on it was renamed the Adirondack Chair. Bunnell’s Adirondack chairs were made of hemlock, painted in either dark brown or green, and signed by the carpenter himself. Today, Bunnell’s original chairs come at a hefty price, about $1,200 each and he sold them for only $4.00.

Finny The Great

Throughout the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles, there were two dominant characters. Gene who is the narrator and Finny who is Gene’s best friend have a great relationship shown in A Separate Peace. Finny whose real name is Phineas has three qualities, manipulation, athleticism, and is a strong leader. Manipulation is shown all through the novel by Finny and is one of his best assets that he has. We see his manipulation skills from getting out of trouble when they skipped dinner to the time he made Gene first jump out of the tree. The reason sir is that we just had to jump out of that tree. You know that tree†¦because we’re all getting ready for the war†¦Mr. Prud’homme released his breath with a sort of amazed laugh, stared at Finny for awhile, and that was all there was to it’† (15,16). Finny, in this quote, gets Gene and himself out of trouble after they skipped dinner the night before and every time they get in trouble. In the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session he persuades Gene to go on the jump every night even though Gene does not want to and would rather study. Finny is an incredible athlete, modest, and is very brave, this is shown through his breaking of the long-standing school swimming record and not wanting to show off his talent. Another athletic move Finny makes is inventing a new game called blitzball during the summer classes, which they play all the time. When Finny breaks his leg and is never able to play sports again it devastates him. â€Å"‘Listen, pal, if I cant play sports, you’re going to play them for me’† (77). When Finny says this his anger is so high since he cannot play sports that he ant someone else to play for him to have that security of sports still around him. Throughout the novel Finny shows great leadership. Everything done by Finny and his friends he is leading. When they made up Blitzball he was the one who made up the rules and tells Gene and their friends how to play the game. â€Å"‘Now Leper has just brought out a really important fine point of the game. The receiver can refuse a pass if he happens to choose to. Sine we’re all enemies, we can and will turn on each other all the time. We call that the Lepellier Refusal’† 30). Finny has a knack for leading people and does this when they first start the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session. Without Phineas using his charismatic attitude, athleticism and his leadership skills the novel would be very boring. Finny `s charismatic attitude shown all throughout the novel helps him get the things he wants and has excitement in the novel. His athleticism makes him competitive and makes up the game of the summer blitzball. Finny has great leadership skills so he can manipulate people and get what he wants from his friends.

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buy custom Information System essay We now focus on some of the common needs of the enterprise. For all enterprises, there will be a need for monitoring changes, which involves tracking, changes in businesses, people and industries. In the enterprise, there is a need to know about mergers, emerging risks, people moves, and opportunities and the need to build relationships with new prospects, key customers and business partners. There is a need to link with up with the right people, outlook for new business in any economy, collect intelligence, and measure performance. In addition to the above needs, there is also a need to ensure compliance and discover new opportunities from the fast-breaking trades. All these needs vary from one enterprise to the other depending on the size and nature of enterprise and in turn determine the development of information systems (Vasilecas, 2005, p 45). In the development of the information system, the system developers consider a few steps irrespective of the enterprise. The initial step is of the mission development, where missions give the overarching framework for the whole enterprise. The accomplishment of missions by enterprises is by functions and later on refined into database domains. The establishment of all business information systems and database within this enterprise framework makes it work. The second step is the database design, which is built within the enterprise architecture. The basis of database designs is on enterprise-wide data factors, data replicas of concepts, DMBS independent models, and lastly DBMS dependant models. This will ensure total metadata re-use, semantic harmonization, and data interoperability. The following step is prototype generation. Prototypes are usually set in the enterprise architecture and through the generation of these prototypes maximum eforts can be spent on getting a whole set of requirements. Following this step is the specification evolution stage, which is critical as it allows the full set of requirements to be teased out. By using the information system generators, the capability to progress from iteration to the other is straightforward, and one can achieve this in hours. Another major step in the development of the information system is the request for proposals. This refers to a formal specification of what the enterprise desires to implement. The document should have all the prototype and metadata described in the earlier stages (Giachetti, 2010, p.12). The document should show the evolution, methods of development, evaluation methods, and monitoring methods of the development of information systems. In the development of the information system, there is the proposal evaluation. This stage produces an understanding in regards to the implementation procedure, costs, schedules, reviews, and deliverables. The final stages involve the awarding of contracts, contractor management and conformance testing. So what is the later direction of the development of information systems? The future direction of the development of information systems in dependant on the progress of enterprises, their needs, and innovations in regards to elements of information systems. Different enterprises keep changing in terms of their needs as the enterprises grow and these will in turn affect the information system they use in running their businesses. For instance, a sole trader will change a company and will, therefore, have to change the information system it was using. This means that the future direction of development of information systems will grow to accommodate these changes and growing needs of the enterprises. With the growing industries, the enterprises havee many opportunities of expanding the growing demand from the market. In addition, the technology world is rapidly growing, and it is necessary that the enterprises change to contain this change. The software, hardware and other elements of the information system will change with time and the enterprise will need to update these changes in order to ensure efficiency of their services and products. The advancement of these elements of information systems will in turn lead to further development of information systems (Filipe and Cordeiro, 2011, p.63). In the above discussion, we have information on the definition of development of the information system in relation to enterprises. The paper made a research of the tools and methods applicable in the development of the system development, which includes methods and techniques. To understand the development of information systems, the paper gave more information on the types of enterprises and their needs. It is evident from the discussion that the needs of an enterprise vary from one enterprise to the other, which makes them need varied information systems. We have also analysed the steps system developers in the development of information systems. Information system as a field is a wide field, which keeps on growing and changing with time. The more the innovations the more the field of information systems keeps on changing. This makes the enterprises change their information systems with time to meet their growing needs and demands. For example, when a partnership business enterprise increases its number of key customers it will need to acquire new and better elements of information systems to contain the change. Each day researchers are coming up with better elements of information system that will suit the current environment that enterprises operate in and grow. Buy custom Information System essay

Government Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Government Corporations - Essay Example This article travel around the metaphor and lays out a general view of the troubles that have arisen from the unhelpful development of corporations. Future articles will argue ways to address these troubles. Among the World War and the depression of 1929 a few additional government corporations were shaped. Since the beginning of the despair, throughout which the government has made use of its powers to temper the unfavorable financial situation, the device of government corporations has been ever more employed. From 1929 to 1938 at least thirty-eight essential federal corporations have been recognized. It is clear, therefore, that twice in new history the national government has made wide and speedy use of government corporations and entrusted them with the expenditure of marvelous sums of money. "Corporate Governance is a meadow in economics that investigates how to safe /motivate efficient organization of corporation by the employ of incentive mechanisms such as, contract, organisational plan and legislation. Furthermore, this is frequently limited to the query of improving monetary performance. For instance, how the corporate owners can protected /motivate that the corporate managers will bring a competitive rate of go back." (Baumhart, R, 6-19). The purpose of this chapter is... In addition, an in-depth analysis of the roles and purpose of the CG (Corporate Governance) in organizations in general will be included, how CG assists in the organization and how CG helps the organization strategy. Moreover, the research is concentrated on the CG in market. This chapter is very helpful in increasing the knowledge relative to the studying area since the results and the findings of the primary data will be related with the literature review. Therefore, the knowledge from literature review is going to provide a more professional research that will focus on the purpose of this research. Also, the purpose of this is to offer an overview of significant information published on the topic in order to narrow down the research questions to a specific, suitable form. Corporate Culture Corporate governance is on the radar monitor as investors have realized that it is not immediately one more abstraction but a power that can vitally power the economic growth of businesses. Good corporate governance ensures clearness, fairness and answerability with admiration to shareholders and other stakeholders and is a precondition for the honesty and trustworthiness of market institution including stock connections and other person corporations. According to the newest PricewaterhouseCoopers Management Barometer periodical review institutional shareholders hold more than 60 percent of shares in nearly everyone big, international companies. Institutions that are worth and growth investors possess a total of 48.5 percent of all shares in surveyed company. Despite the important ownership stake represent by institutional investor, the survey has also proved that institutions put forth only incomplete power over a company's

Health Care Management HA330 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Health Care Management HA330 - Essay Example Lastly, it discusses the skills needed for leaders in health organizations. In the words of Eric and Steven, Strategy is defined not as an event but as the roots of the structure of an organization (Steven G. Hillestad, 2004). In health organization, strategies which are relevant to the changing work environment are adopted. There are various strategies to choose from. These could be: In the 21st century the future of health organizations is totally dependent on how well they adapt to current changing environment. Because of the rapid growth in population the best approach to strategize health organizations is by improving their internal capabilities and personal performance. A health organization is a service based organization therefore its main strength lies in the quality of its service. The better services they offer the better reputation they command. For this it is important to improve on internal capabilities and performance levels. They should focus on the health organization’s hygiene. Providing the patients with perfect hygiene is very important. The news about infections generated due to unhygienic hospitals has always made it to headlines. Technology has taken over most health organizations today. Thus, it is highly recommended that health organizations are abreast with the latest technology . They are updated with the latest data and the latest equipments for treatment are in place. Technological procedures like MRI, CT scans and other surgeries are expensive. However these procedures should be incorporated as they produce efficient results. Survival today is not only what people look for but the quality of life they are offered along with the opportunity cost (Patrick, 1993). Along with the introduction of technology performance maintenance criteria needs to be practiced. The staff needs to get training sessions to get familiar with the machines before experiencing it on humans. Number of studies carried out in Canada

To develop creative solutions to a brief including analysis of Research Paper

To develop creative solutions to a brief including analysis of effectiveness - Research Paper Example The beauty of this industry is that along with tourism, it combines a number of professions in it (Walker, 2007), making it good for the economy and for employment. People stay in hotels because they are far away from their home, or they are living in a country, that is not their home country. When a person thinks about a hotel, it can conjure up exciting images. Hotels are often thought to be busy areas filled with people all around the world, especially business people and celebrities in order to pass their holidays or meetings (Bardi, 2003). The industry hires large number of skilled, unskilled and semi skilled workers to work, and because their work is to provide service, they need to teach some essential points to unskilled labors before hiring (Tanke, 2000). Adventurous people, when travelling, often need luxurious places to pass their traveling times. Because of the in comfort desired by people while traveling, hotel owners and designers tried to make places where people could come and rest without stress. As a consequence they made hotels for the betterment of people traveling from other countries for various purposes (Andrews, 2007). Hotels today are often called â€Å"home away from home† and people can stay in them for many different lengths of time, from a few days to many months. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hotel America is a mid-sized hotel chain which is one of the top ten hotel chains of America. During the last quarter of 2001, this hotel started to experience a decline in occupancy rate. There are certain factors attached with this decline. It is not just the case of this particular hotel chain. Rather, all the hotel industry is on a decline. The executive leadership hopes to improve the occupancy rate and this report was prepared to analyze the data available and devise the strategies to help the management. An analysis of the data found that there were certain internal factors as well as external factors that contributed to this downturn. Exter nal factors included the incident of 9/11 and the recession of America, both of which decreased patronage to hotels, and numbers of people travelling in general. Internal factors included a list of things like negligence of the management to maintain the bathroom or other facilities and to see whether the bed provided was comfortable. Another issue was the rude attitude of the staff which offended the customers. The staff coordination must be to a high standard, and there must be no conflict between the staff members because this will give a bad impression to the hotel customers (Sonnenstuhl, 1990). The location of many of the hotels and the unavailability of suitable transportation also had negative impact leaving many customers were unsatisfied. Special facilities and features were also looked upon. When people live in hotels in countries that they are foreign to, they often look at hotels for long term accommodation, however, the rent must be according to the facilities provided (Robinson, 2009). The most effective point towards a successful hotel is goal congruence (Goldsmith, 2002). Within the location category, the closeness to downtown and commercial areas was what the customer desired. Within the special features category, the presence of restaurants, business lounges and clubs gave a positive impact. Of the communication category the main desires were the provision of facilities like telephone and internet access. Based upon the analysis, this report gives recommendations such as: ensuring proper

Ap European History Chapter Essay Example for Free

Ap European History Chapter Essay The chief minister to King Henry VIII, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and Sir Thomas More, Wolsey’s successor, guided the opposition to Protestantism. The king earned the title â€Å"Defender of the Faith† by protecting the 7 sacraments against Luther’s attacks. Thomas More wrote Response to Luther in 1523. The King’s Affair The King’s marriage kick started the English Reformation. Catherine Aragon would not produce a male heir for King Henry VIII, only Mary, and Henry wanted a divorce. Catherine had first been the wife of Henry’s brother, Arthur, but he died, so Henry inherited Catherine. They were married in 1509 with a special dispensation from Pope Julius II himself. By the time of his divorce conflict, Henry was in love with Anne Boleyn, one of Catherine’s ladies-in-waiting. He wanted to wed Anne instead of Catherine. However, he could not get a divorce because Pope Clement VII was a prisoner of Charles V. Cardinal Wolsey, who was in charge of securing and annulment, was dismissed in shame when he failed to do so. Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell, both of whom harbored Lutheran sympathies then became Henry’s most trusted advisors. They wanted to create an English church of which the King would be the head. This allowed Henry to annul his own marriage. The â€Å"Reformation Parliament† In 1529, Parliament convened for a seven-year session. It was called the â€Å"Reformation Parliament†. During this period, it passed legislation that placed reins on the clergy. In 1531, the Convocation recognized that the King was the head of the Church. The Parliament published grievances against the Church, ranging from indifference to the laity to too many religious holidays. Parliament also passed Submission of the Clergy which brought canon law under royal control, and the clergy into royal jurisdiction. In 1533, Henry wed Boleyn and Parliament made the king the highest court of appeal for citizens. Also in 1533, Cranmer led the Convocation to annul Henry’s marriage to Catherine. In 1534, Parliament ended all payments by the laity and clergy to Rome and gave Henry power over ecclesiastical appointments. The Act of Succession made Anne Boleyn’s children legitimate. The Act of Supremacy made Henry the only head in earth of the Church of England. When Thomas More and John Fischer refused to recognize the Act of Succession and the Act of Supremacy, Henry had them executed to prove a point. In 1536 and 1538, Parliament dissolved England’s monasteries and nunneries. Wives of Henry VIII In 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed for treason and adultery, and her daughter Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Jane Seymour died in 1537, after giving birth to Edward. On the advice of Cromwell, he wed Anne of Cleves. The marriage was annulled by Parliament and Cromwell was executed. Catherine Howard, the fifth wife, was killed for adultery in 1542. Catherine Parr lived. The King’s Religious Conservatism Henry remained decidedly conservative in his religious beliefs. With the Ten Articles of 1536, he made mild confessions to Protestant tenets and maintained Catholic Doctrine. He forbade the clergy to marry or have concubines. Henry wrote the Six Articles of 1539 to strike at Protestant views. They reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity, declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private masses, and ordered the continuation of oral confession. Although William Tyndale’s translation was mandated in Parishes, England had to wait till Henry’s death until it could declare itself a Protestant country. The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI Edward was ten when his father died. During this reign, England fully enacted the Protestant Reformation. Edward VI and Somerset responded directly to John Calvin. During Somerset’s regency, Henry’s Six Articles and laws against heresy were fully repealed. Clerical marriage and communion with cup were sanctioned. In 1547, places where endowed masses had traditionally been said for the dead were dissolved. Images and altars were removed from churches in 1550. After Charles V’s victory over the German princes in 1547, German Protestant leaders fled to England for refuge. These people helped to guide the Reformation in England. The Second Act of Uniformity imposed a revised Book of Common Prayer on all churches. Thomas Cranmer’s 42 article confession of faith set forth moderate Protestant doctrine. It taught justification by faith and the supremacy of the Holy Scripture, denied transubstantiation, and recognized only two of the seven sacraments. All of the changes were short-lived however. In 1553, Mary I took Edward’s throne after his death and proceeded to revert back to Catholic doctrine and practice with a single-mindedness rivaling only that of her father’s. It was not until Anne Boleyn’s daughter’s reign that lasting religious settlement was worked out in England. Catholic Reform and the Counter-Reformation The Protestant Reformation was not a surprise. There were internal criticisms and ideas of reform within the Church already even before the Counter-Reformation in reaction to Protestant success. Sources of Catholic Reform Popes preferred â€Å"Men are to be changed by, not to change, religion. † – Superior General of the Hermits of Saint Augustine, instead of changing laws and institutions of the Church. Although the Church denounced it, there were still orders that pushed for reform: Theatines (1524) – Groomed the devout and reform minded leaders at the higher levels of the Church hierarchy. One of the cofounders of this order was Bishop Gian Pietro Carafa, who became Pope Paul IV. Capuchins (Recognized in 1528) – Sought to return to the ascetic and charitable ideals of Saint Francis and became popular among ordinary folks, who were their audience. Somaschi (mid-1520s) and Barnabites (1530) – Directed their efforts at repairing the moral, spiritual, and physical damage done to people in war-torn areas of Italy. For Women: Ursulines (1535) – Established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls from all social classes and became very influential. Oratorians (Recognized in 1575) – An elite group of secular clerics who devoted themselves to the promotion of religious literature and church music – One member was Giovanni Perluigi da Palestrina (1526 – 1594). In addition to these lay and clerical movements, Spanish mystics Saint Teresa of Avila (1515 – 1582) and Saint John of the Cross (1542 – 1591) popularized the mystical piety of medieval monasticism. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits The most successful reform group of the Counter-Reformation was the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits (Recognized by the church in 1540, began in 1530s). It grew so much that people went on missions to convert other who lived in Asia, the Americas and even Africa. The founder of Jesuits, Ignatius of Loyola, was a hero. His legs were injured during a battle with the French. He swore to become a religious person if he were to survive his injuries. While injured, he had a revelation, and after his recuperation, he began to preach about his revelations. He wrote Spiritual Exercises. He declared that people could shape their own behaviors through self-discipline and practice. In Jesuits eyes, Protestant dissenters were considered as disobedient of the Church authority, and by religious innovation. However, Ignatius of Loyola taught that people should submit to the authority of the Church and spiritual direction. The Council of Trent (1545 – 1563) The success of the Reformation and the insistence of Charles V caused Pope Paul to call for a general council of the church to reassert church doctrine. Caspar Contarini headed the council: he was a leading liberal theologian. However, even Contarini seemed blunt in his report by saying that the simony and the fiscal practices of the Roman Curia were the loss of Church esteem. The report was so critical that Paul IV could not suppress its distribution. Protestants printed and reprinted it to assert control over even the Papacy. The Council of Trent itself met in the following time periods: 1545 – 1547, 1551 – 1552, and 1562 – 1563, a period that spanned the careers of three popes. The laity was not permitted to share in the council’s decisions. The Council’s most important decisions were concerning the internal church discipline. It curtailed the sales of Church offices and other Church goods. Those who resided in Rome instead of the dioceses were forced to move their appointed seats of power. Trent oversaw that bishops could effectively enforce religious discipline and that bishops were subjected to rules that required them to be visible in regular preaching and conduct regular visitations. Parish priests were also to neatly dress, be better educated, strictly celibate, and active among parishioners. A seminary was also constructed in each diocese. The Council of Trent reaffirmed the following: Traditional Scholastic Education of the Clergy The role of good works in salvation The authority of tradition The seven sacraments Transubstantiation The withholding of the Eucharistic cup from the laity Clerical celibacy The reality of purgatory The veneration of saints, relics and sacred images The granting of letters of indulgences The Church solved medieval Scholastic quarrels in favor of the ideologies of Thomas Aquinas, who asserted his authority in the Church. Thereafter, the church offered its strongest resistance to groups like the Jansenists, who strongly endorsed the medieval Augustinian tradition, a source of alternative Catholic, as well as many Protestant, doctrines. Rulers were initially afraid that their lands were beginning to be taken over by papal authority, until the pope reassured them that the orders were by his decree only. The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinists often worked within the framework of reigning political power. This is because the founders themselves believed that they were not on Earth to change the political power, but only to reform religion. They remained highly sensitive to what was politically and socially possible in their age. Some scholars and historians believe that they encouraged acceptance of the sociopolitical status quo of their time. The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions The Reformation may have been politically conservative, but by the end of the 16th century, it had brought about radical changes in traditional religious practices and institutions in those lands where it succeeded. Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life Six to eight percent of the population in cities that later turned Protestant was the clergy and the religious, and they exercised political as well as spiritual power. They legislated, taxed, tried cases in special church courts, and they enforced their laws with threats of excommunication. The Church calendar regulated daily life. About one third of the year was given over to some kind of religious observance or celebration. There were frequent period of fasting. Monasteries, especially nunneries, were extremely prominent and influential institutions. The children of society’s most wealthy and powerful citizens resided there. On the streets, friars begged for alms from passerby. In Church, the mass and liturgy were read in Latin. Images of saints were regularly displayed, and on certain holidays their relics were paraded about and venerated. Local religious shrines enjoyed booming business. Pilgrims gathered there for either cures for illnesses, diversion, or even entertainment. Several times during the year, special preachers would come to sell indulgences. Many clergy walked the streets with concubines, even though there were banned from marriage. They only had to pay a small penitent to the Church for toleration. People everywhere could be heard complaining about the clergy’s exemption from taxation and from the civil criminal code. They also grumbled about having to support church offices whose occupants actually lived and worked elsewhere. Townspeople thought that education should be more secular. Religion in Sixteenth-Century Life Although few changes to social and political institutions were clear, the Reformation had firmly taken root in these cities. Overall numbers of the clergy decreased by about two thirds and the number of religious holidays fell by around one third. Places of religious seclusion were almost gone; the remaining ones were transformed into places for the sick and poor or places for education. Churches, which also had been reduced in number by about one third, conducted worship in the vernacular. The laity observed no obligatory fasts. Indulgence preachers no longer appeared. Local shrines were closed down. People venerating saints, relics and images were subject to fines and punishment. Copies or even excerpts of Luther’s translation of the New Testament were common in every household, and even the clergy began to meditate on them. The clergy were allowed to marry, and most did. They paid taxes and were punished in civil courts. Domestic moral life was regulated by committees of about equal numbers of laity and clergy: secular magistrates had the last word in these. Whereas ? of Europe could be considered Protestant in the 16th Century, only about one-fifth was Protestant in the mid-17th Century. The Reformation and Education A great cultural achievement was the Reformation’s implementation of many of the educational reforms of humanism in the Protestant schools and universities. Protestant reformers shared with humanists a common opposition to scholasticism and a belief in unity of wisdom, eloquence, and action. The humanist program of studies was an appropriate tool for the elaboration of Protestant doctrine, which remained ascendant in the Counter-Reformation. The Catholic counter-reformers acknowledged the close connections between the Reformation and the humanism. Ignatius of Loyola observed that new learning was embraced by the Protestants. In his Spiritual Exercises, he said that when the Bible was read directly, it be read under the authority of: Thomas Aquinas, Peter Lombard, and Bonaventure. These people had the clearest understanding, and should guide the study of the Scriptures. In August 1518, Philip Melanchthon (1497 – 1560), arrived at the University of Wittenburg, first implemented the curricular reforms on the humanist model. In his inaugural address, On Improving the Studies of the Young, he presented himself as a defender of the classical studies against â€Å"barbarians who practice barbarous arts†. Melanchthon urged the study of history, poetry and other humanist disciplines. Together, Luther and Melanchthon restructured the University of Wittenburg’s curriculum. Commentaries on Lombard’s Sentences were dropped, as was canon law. Straightforward historical study replaced the old Scholastic lectures on Aristotle. Students read from primary sources, not trusted commentators. New chairs of Greek and Hebrew were created. Luther and Melanchthon also pressed for universal compulsory education so that both boys and girls could get educated in the vernacular. In Geneva, John Calvin and Theodore Beza created the Genevan Academy, which later became the University of Geneva. It was created primarily for Calvinist Ministers, and pursued ideals similar to those set forth by Luther and Melanchthon. Because of the spread of Protestantism from this Academy, a working knowledge of Greek and Hebrew became commonplace in educated circles in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Some people believed that Protestantism was taking over humanism. Erasmus thought that the Reformation was a threat to the liberal arts and good learning. Sebastian Franck pointed out that there were parallels between Luther and Zwingli’s debates and the debate over the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin. In spite of these clashes, Humanist culture was indebted to the Reformation. Protestant endorsement of the humanist program remained significant to Humanism even after the Reformation. Protestant schools consolidated and preserved humanist culture for the modern world. In these Protestant schools, the studia humanitatis took hold. The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women Protestant reformers took a positive stand on clerical marriage and opposed monasticism and celibacy. They opposed the popular anti-woman and anti-marriage literature of the Medieval Period. They praised woman in her own right, but especially in her role as a housewife and mother. Although marriage laws gave women greater security, they were still subjects to their husbands. Protestant arguments for marriage included relief of sexual frustration and as a remedy for fornication. Many reformers acknowledged the power of women and could not imagine a world without them. Luther himself wrote that â€Å"Men cannot do without women. † John Calvin stated at the death of his wife that â€Å"I have been bereaved of the best companion of my life. † Such tributes were used to overcome the Catholic Church’s belief that marriage may distract the clergy. Protestants also stressed as no religious movement before them had, the sacredness of marriage and the family life. This attitude created a more respectful relationship between husband and wife and family. The Protestants also believed that women had equal rights to divorce and remarry in good conscience. The reformers were more willing to permit divorce and remarriage on grounds of adultery and abandonment than were the secular magistrates. These magistrates thought that liberal divorce laws would lead to social reform. Women in nunneries wrote that their overseeing by men was just as abusive as their married life. Women in higher classes found a religious component to their greater freedom in life. They believed that the cloister provided an interesting and independent way of life that their secular lives could not provide. Protestants encouraged the education of girls in the vernacular because they wanted women to become pious housewives. Through their education, women found that they were equal to men in the eyes of God. Education also gave women a role as independent authors of the Reformation. These advances were important in the steps toward the emancipation of women completely. Family Life in Early Modern Europe Changes in the timing and the duration of marriage, in family size, and in infant and child care suggest that family life was under a variety of social and economic pressures in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Reformation was a factor in these changes, but not the only or even the major one. Families have certain force and logic of their own, regardless of where they are and when they are. Differences in people lay in the ways different cultures and religions infuse family life with values and influence the behavior of family members. Later Marriages Between 1500 and 1800, men and women in Western Europe and England married at later ages. Men tended to in their mid to late-twenties and women in their mid-twenties. The Church sanctioned previously that the age for legal marriage was 14 for men and 12 for women. This might have occurred among the royalty and nobility. After the Reformation, the church required both parental agreement and public vows before a marriage could be recognized as legal. Late marriage in the West reflected the difficulty of being independent for the bachelor period. The difficulty arose because of the population growth during the 15th and 16th centuries (population was recovered from the Black Death). Larger families meant more heirs and a greater division of resources. In German and Scandinavian countries, inheritance would be divided among all male children. People were taking longer to prepare themselves for marriage than before. One in five women never married, and 15% were unmarried widows. A later marriage meant one of shorter duration. Women who bore children for the first time at later ages had a higher mortality than those who bore children at earlier ages. Because of this delayed marriage system, there was increased premarital fornication, and in turn, many illegitimate children were produced. Arranged Marriages Many marriages were arranged in the sense that parents would meet the parents of the spouse before conducting the ceremony. By the fifteenth century, it was not uncommon for bride and groom to have previously known each other, or even have had a previous relationship. Emotional feeling for one another was respected by the parents. Parents did not force marriages, and children could say â€Å"No†. A forced marriage was invalid and unwanted marriages would not last. Family Size The average husband and wife had eight children, and ? of them died by their teens, one third by the age of five. Families lived with their in-laws, servants, laborers and boarders. This was a nuclear family. Birth Control Ever since the beginning of mankind, there have been attempts to control child birth. The church’s banning of male withdrawal before ejaculation is a sign that it had been attempted before. Thomas Aquinas believed that the natural end of coitus was the creation of a child. Wet Nursing The church allied itself with physicians on the matter of condemning women who hired wet nurses. The practice however, was popular among high-class women. Children who were wet nursed usually had a higher mortality rate. To husband’s, a nursing wife was a reluctant lover. Many women prolonged nursing in order to delay a pregnancy. However, noblemen did not like this because they needed a male heir. This jeopardized the patrimony, and they supported wet nursing. Loving Families? Between the ages of eight and thirteen, children were sent out to apprenticeships, schools, or into employment. Widowers and widows married again within a few months of their spouses’ deaths, and marriage with great difference between age limited affection. Literary Imagination in Transition Alongside the political and cultural changes brought about by the new religious systems of the Reformation, medieval outlooks and values continued into the 17th century. However, the literary figures of the post-Reformation period had elements of both old and new styles. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Rejection of Idealism Spanish literature of the 16th and 17th centuries reflects the peculiar religious and political history of Spain in this period. Traditional Catholicism was a major part of Spanish life. Since the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the church received the support of reigning political power. The power of the church and the Inquisition did not allow for Protestantism to gain room in Spain. The piety of rulers also influenced Spanish rulers. The third influence was the preoccupation with medieval chivalric virtues, in particular, questions of honor and loyalty. Spanish literature remained more Catholic and medieval than that of England and France, where two Protestant movements occurred. Lope de Vega and Pedro Calderon, two of the period’s greatest writers, became priests. Cervantes only had a little bit of formal education. He educated himself by wide reading in popular literature and immersion in the â€Å"School of Life. † In prison, in 1603, he began to write Don Quixote. The first part of Don Quixote appeared in 1605. This work was written to satirize the chivalric romances then popular in Spain. Cervantes presents Don Quixote as an unstable middle class man. By reading too many chivalric romances, he believed he was an aspiring knight who had to prove himself through brave deeds. Don Quixote’s foil – Sancho Panza, a clever, worldly peasant who serves as Quixote’s squire – watches with bemused skepticism as his lord battles with a windmill, which he mistakes for a dragon. At the end, Quixote comes to his senses after a well-meaning friend defeats him â€Å"in battle† as a â€Å"knight†. Quixote returns to his village as a defeated man to die a brokenhearted old man’s death. Throughout the novel, Cervantes juxtaposes the realism of Panza with the religious idealism of Quixote. The reader however, perceives that Cervantes loved both characters equally. William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age